Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) =================================== This section covers the IPv6 protocol, its routing methods, and addressing mechanisms. IPv6 resolves limitations in IPv4, such as address exhaustion, and introduces new features for more efficient networking, including simplified headers, improved multicast, and integrated security support. .. toctree:: :maxdepth: 1 :hidden: :includehidden: IPv6/ipv6 IPv6/Header_Structure IPv6/Packet_Routing IPv6/Fragmentation IPv6/Connectionless_Protocol IPv6/Hop_Limit IPv6/Auto_Configuration IPv6/Security_Integration IPv6/Qos_Support IPv6/Neighbour_Discovery IPv6/Improved_Multicast IPv6/Dual_Stack IPv6/Built_in_mobility_support IPv6/CIDR IPv6/Subnetting_IPv6 IPv6/NAT IPv6/Anycast_Addressing IPv6/Multicast_Addressing IPv6/Unicast_Addressing IPv6/EGP IPv6/IS_IS IPv6/MP_BGP IPv6/OSPF IPv6/RIPv1 IPv6/RIPv2 .. list-table:: :widths: 20 60 20 :header-rows: 1 * - Category - Description - Use Case * - IPv6 Basics - Introduction to IPv6, including its address structure, packet format, and differences from IPv4. Highlights features like larger address space, simplified header, and auto-configuration. - Future-ready internet and enterprise networking. * - Header Structure - IPv6 uses a simplified, fixed-length 40-byte header for faster processing. It removes non-essential fields like checksum and fragmentation from the base header. - This design improves router efficiency and reduces latency in packet forwarding. * - Packet Routing - IPv6 supports hierarchical addressing, which simplifies routing tables. Routing aggregation is enabled through prefix-based design. - Enhances scalability for ISPs and large enterprise networks. * - Fragmentation - Fragmentation is performed only by the source device, not intermediate routers. IPv6 uses extension headers to carry fragmentation information. - Reduces router workload and improves overall network performance. * - Connectionless Protocol - IPv6 remains a connectionless protocol like IPv4, using best-effort delivery. It does not guarantee packet delivery, ordering, or error correction. - Ideal for applications like streaming and gaming where speed matters more than reliability. * - Hop Limit - IPv6 replaces IPv4’s TTL with a Hop Limit field. It defines the maximum number of routers a packet can pass through. - Helps prevent routing loops and ensures timely packet expiration. * - Auto Configuration - IPv6 supports Stateless Address Auto-Configuration (SLAAC) and DHCPv6. Devices can generate their own IP addresses using network prefixes and MAC addresses. - Useful for plug-and-play setups, mobile devices, and IoT environments. * - Security Integration - IPv6 mandates support for IPsec, unlike IPv4 where it’s optional. IPsec provides encryption, authentication, and data integrity. - Enables secure end-to-end communication across public and private networks. * - QoS Support - IPv6 includes a Flow Label field to identify and prioritize traffic flows. It allows routers to handle real-time traffic like VoIP and video more efficiently. - Improves Quality of Service for latency-sensitive applications. * - Neighbour Discovery - IPv6 replaces ARP with the Neighbor Discovery Protocol (NDP). NDP uses ICMPv6 for address resolution, router discovery, and reachability detection. - Enhances network efficiency and supports dynamic address changes. * - Improved Multicast - IPv6 eliminates broadcast and relies heavily on multicast communication. Scoped multicast addresses reduce unnecessary traffic. - Optimized for group-based services like IPTV and conferencing. * - Dual Stack - Dual stack allows devices to run IPv4 and IPv6 simultaneously. Ensures compatibility with legacy systems during the transition phase. - Facilitates gradual migration to IPv6 without disrupting existing services. * - Built-in Mobility Support - Mobile IPv6 enables devices to maintain connections while changing networks. It supports seamless handover and session continuity. - Crucial for mobile users, remote workers, and roaming devices. * - Anycast Addressing - Allows multiple interfaces to share the same address. Used for nearest-node routing and load balancing. - Efficient routing to the closest of multiple nodes * - CIDR (Classless Inter-Domain Routing) - Method for IP address aggregation and efficient routing. Simplifies subnetting and reduces routing table size. - Hierarchical address allocation and subnet management * - Multicast Addressing - Enables sending packets to multiple destinations simultaneously. Used for streaming, group communication, and service discovery. - Group communication in local or wide area networks * - Subnetting IPv6 - Divides IPv6 networks into smaller subnetworks. Improves address organization and traffic management. - Network segmentation and management * - Unicast Addressing - Unique address assigned to a single interface. Used for one-to-one communication. - Direct communication between individual devices * - NAT (Network Address Translation) - Translates private IP addresses to a public IP address for internet communication. Though less common in IPv6 due to large address space, NAT is used in some IPv6 deployment scenarios. - Conserves public IPv4 addresses, enables internal network privacy, supports IPv4-IPv6 transition * - EGP (Exterior Gateway Protocol) - One of the earliest routing protocols used to exchange routing info between autonomous systems.Largely obsolete and replaced by BGP. - Inter-AS routing in early networks. * - EIGRP (Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol) - Cisco proprietary protocol combining features of distance-vector and link-state protocols.Supports VLSM, fast convergence, and uses DUAL algorithm. - Efficient routing within Cisco-based enterprise networks. * - IGRP (Interior Gateway Routing Protocol) - Older Cisco proprietary protocol, now deprecated in favor of EIGRP.Limited scalability and slow convergence. - Legacy enterprise routing. * - IS-IS (Intermediate System to Intermediate System) - Link-state protocol designed for large ISP networks. Scales well and supports both IPv4 and IPv6. - Core ISP and enterprise backbone routing. * - Multiprotocol BGP (MP-BGP) - Extension of BGP that supports routing for multiple protocols, including IPv6 and MPLS VPNs. - Multi-protocol environments and MPLS networks. * - OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) - Open standard link-state protocol using Dijkstra's algorithm.Supports areas, fast convergence, and VLSM. - Hierarchical and scalable enterprise routing. * - RIPv1 (Routing Information Protocol v1) - Early distance-vector protocol using hop count metric.No support for CIDR or VLSM. - Small networks or legacy equipment. * - RIPv2 (Routing Information Protocol v2) - An enhanced version of RIPv1, supporting authentication, CIDR, and multicast updates. - Small-to-medium networks with basic routing needs. .. tab-set:: .. tab-item:: IPv6 Basics **RFC:** RFC 8200 (Obsoletes RFC 2460) **Main Features:** - 128-bit address space (e.g., 2001:0db8::1) allowing trillions of unique addresses - Simplified and fixed-size header (40 bytes) compared to IPv4 - No need for NAT — end-to-end connectivity and global addressing - Built-in support for IPsec, mobility, and auto-configuration (SLAAC) - Eliminates broadcast; uses multicast and anycast instead - Enhanced quality of service (QoS) with Flow Label field **Use Cases:** - Modern enterprise and ISP networks - IoT and mobile systems requiring a large address pool - Future-proofing infrastructure for global internet growth **Alternative Protocols:** - IPv4 – Legacy version still widely deployed - MPLS – Protocol-independent forwarding - IPX – Deprecated Novell protocol .. panels:: :container: container pb-4 :column: col-lg-12 p-2 :card: What You Will Learn in This Section **Let us learn more about IPv6 Basics:** * :ref:`Learnings in this section ` * :ref:`Terminology ` * :ref:`Version Info ` * :ref:`IPv6 Version&RFC Details ` * :ref:`IPv6 Basic Setup on Ubuntu using IPv6 ` * :ref:`IPv6 Protocol Packet Details ` * :ref:`IPv6 Usecases ` * :ref:`IPv6 Basic Features ` * :ref:`Reference links ` .. button-link:: ./IPv6/ipv6.html :color: primary :shadow: :expand: Jump to "IPv6 Basics" .. tab-set:: .. tab-item:: IPv6 Header Structure **RFC:** RFC 8200 (Obsoletes RFC 2460) **Main Features:** - Simplified fixed-size header of 40 bytes for efficient processing - Eliminates fields like header checksum and fragmentation from the base header - Includes fields like Version, Traffic Class, Flow Label, Payload Length, Next Header, Hop Limit, Source and Destination addresses - Uses extension headers for optional information and advanced features - Designed for faster routing and better scalability compared to IPv4 **Use Cases:** - Network devices needing efficient packet forwarding - Routers and firewalls parsing IPv6 headers - Protocol analyzers and network diagnostics **Alternative Protocols:** - IPv4 Header – older, variable length and more complex header structure - Other Network Layer protocols like MPLS for specialized routing .. panels:: :container: container pb-4 :column: col-lg-12 p-2 :card: What You Will Learn in This Section **Let us learn more about IPv6 Header Structure:** * :ref:`Learnings in this section ` * :ref:`Terminology ` * :ref:`Version Info ` * :ref:`Header Structure Basic Setup on Ubuntu using IPv6 ` * :ref:`Reference links ` .. button-link:: ./IPv6/Header_Structure.html :color: primary :shadow: :expand: Jump to "IPv6 Header Structure" .. tab-set:: .. tab-item:: IPv6 Packet Routing **RFC:** RFC 8200 (Obsoletes RFC 2460) **Main Features:** - Uses hierarchical addressing and prefix aggregation for scalable routing - Supports route optimization with simplified routing tables - Enables efficient path selection based on destination address prefixes - Utilizes Next Header field to handle routing extensions and options - Compatible with various dynamic routing protocols like OSPFv3, RIPng, and MP-BGP **Use Cases:** - Efficient routing in ISP and large enterprise networks - Scalable internet backbone and multi-homed environments - Transition and coexistence with IPv4 networks using dual-stack routing **Alternative Protocols:** - IPv4 Packet Routing – traditional method with different addressing scheme - MPLS – protocol-independent forwarding often used in service provider networks - Static routing – for small or controlled environments .. panels:: :container: container pb-4 :column: col-lg-12 p-2 :card: What You Will Learn in This Section **Let us learn more about IPv6 Packet Routing:** * :ref:`Learnings in this section ` * :ref:`Terminology ` * :ref:`Version Info ` * :ref:`Packet Routing Basic Setup on Ubuntu using IPv6 ` * :ref:`Reference links ` .. button-link:: ./IPv6/Packet_Routing.html :color: primary :shadow: :expand: Jump to "IPv6 Packet Routing" .. tab-set:: .. tab-item:: IPv6 Fragmentation **RFC:** RFC 8200 (Obsoletes RFC 2460) **Main Features:** - Fragmentation is performed only by the source device, not by routers along the path - Uses a Fragment extension header to carry fragmentation information - Intermediate routers do not fragment packets, reducing processing overhead - Enables Path MTU Discovery to avoid fragmentation whenever possible - Improves overall network performance and reliability **Use Cases:** - Transmission of large packets across networks with varying MTU sizes - Applications requiring efficient packet delivery without router fragmentation - Enhances performance in heterogeneous networks with mixed link capabilities **Alternative Protocols:** - IPv4 Fragmentation – fragmentation can happen at routers, causing inefficiency - Path MTU Discovery mechanisms for both IPv4 and IPv6 to prevent fragmentation .. panels:: :container: container pb-4 :column: col-lg-12 p-2 :card: What You Will Learn in This Section **Let us learn more about IPv6 Fragmentation:** * :ref:`Learnings in this section ` * :ref:`Terminology ` * :ref:`Version Info ` * :ref:`Fragmentation Basic Setup on Ubuntu using IPv6 ` * :ref:`Reference links ` .. button-link:: ./IPv6/Fragmentation.html :color: primary :shadow: :expand: Jump to "IPv6 Fragmentation" .. tab-set:: .. tab-item:: IPv6 Connectionless Protocol **RFC:** RFC 8200 (Obsoletes RFC 2460) **Main Features:** - IPv6 is a connectionless protocol like IPv4, delivering packets independently - Each packet is routed separately without establishing a session - No guarantees on delivery, order, or error correction — best-effort service - Simplifies routing and enables scalability for large networks - Suitable for real-time applications where speed is prioritized over reliability **Use Cases:** - Streaming media, VoIP, and online gaming applications - DNS queries and other stateless network communications - Stateless communication scenarios requiring minimal overhead **Alternative Protocols:** - Connection-oriented protocols like TCP for reliable communication - MPLS for traffic engineering and path management .. panels:: :container: container pb-4 :column: col-lg-12 p-2 :card: What You Will Learn in This Section **Let us learn more about IPv6 Connectionless Protocol:** * :ref:`Learnings in this section ` * :ref:`Terminology ` * :ref:`Version Info ` * :ref:`Connectionless Protocol Basic Setup on Ubuntu using IPv6 ` * :ref:`Reference links ` .. button-link:: ./IPv6/Connectionless_Protocol.html :color: primary :shadow: :expand: Jump to "IPv6 Connectionless Protocol" .. tab-set:: .. tab-item:: IPv6 Hop Limit **RFC:** RFC 8200 (Obsoletes RFC 2460) **Main Features:** - Replaces the IPv4 Time To Live (TTL) field with Hop Limit in IPv6 headers - Specifies the maximum number of hops (routers) a packet can traverse - Decremented by one at each router the packet passes through - Prevents packets from circulating indefinitely in routing loops - Used by diagnostic tools like traceroute to map network paths **Use Cases:** - Loop prevention in IP networks - Network path diagnostics and troubleshooting - Ensuring timely packet expiry in multi-hop environments **Alternative Protocols:** - IPv4 TTL field – similar function in IPv4 packets - ICMP messages for reporting expired packets .. panels:: :container: container pb-4 :column: col-lg-12 p-2 :card: What You Will Learn in This Section **Let us learn more about IPv6 Hop Limit:** * :ref:`Learnings in this section ` * :ref:`Terminology ` * :ref:`Version Info ` * :ref:`Hop Limit Basic Setup on Ubuntu using IPv6 ` * :ref:`Reference links ` .. button-link:: ./IPv6/Hop_Limit.html :color: primary :shadow: :expand: Jump to "IPv6 Hop Limit" .. tab-set:: .. tab-item:: IPv6 Auto Configuration **RFC:** RFC 4862 (IPv6 Stateless Address Autoconfiguration) **Main Features:** - Supports Stateless Address Autoconfiguration (SLAAC) allowing devices to configure their own IPv6 addresses automatically - Uses Router Advertisements (RAs) to provide network prefix and configuration parameters - Also supports stateful configuration via DHCPv6 for more controlled address assignment - Enables plug-and-play connectivity without manual IP address configuration - Simplifies network management, especially in large or dynamic environments **Use Cases:** - Mobile devices connecting to IPv6 networks seamlessly - IoT devices requiring automatic network setup - Enterprise and ISP networks simplifying device onboarding **Alternative Protocols:** - DHCPv6 for stateful address configuration and additional parameters - Manual/static IP configuration for controlled environments .. panels:: :container: container pb-4 :column: col-lg-12 p-2 :card: What You Will Learn in This Section **Let us learn more about IPv6 Auto Configuration:** * :ref:`Learnings in this section ` * :ref:`Terminology ` * :ref:`Version Info ` * :ref:`Auto Configuration Basic Setup on Ubuntu using IPv6 ` * :ref:`Reference links ` .. button-link:: ./IPv6/Auto_Configuration.html :color: primary :shadow: :expand: Jump to "IPv6 Auto Configuration" .. tab-set:: .. tab-item:: IPv6 Security Integration **RFC:** RFC 4301 (Security Architecture for IP), RFC 8200 (IPv6) **Main Features:** - IPv6 mandates support for IPsec for authentication, encryption, and data integrity - Provides end-to-end security at the IP layer, unlike IPv4 where IPsec is optional - Supports Authentication Header (AH) and Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP) protocols - Enhances protection against eavesdropping, tampering, and replay attacks - Facilitates secure VPNs, secure communications, and compliance with security policies **Use Cases:** - Enterprise networks requiring secure communication tunnels - VPN deployments and remote access security - Regulatory compliance for data privacy and security **Alternative Protocols:** - TLS/SSL for application-layer security - Network layer firewalls and intrusion detection systems .. panels:: :container: container pb-4 :column: col-lg-12 p-2 :card: What You Will Learn in This Section **Let us learn more about IPv6 Security Integration:** * :ref:`Learnings in this section ` * :ref:`Terminology ` * :ref:`Version Info ` * :ref:`Security Integration Basic Setup on Ubuntu using IPv6 ` * :ref:`Reference links ` .. button-link:: ./IPv6/Security_Integration.html :color: primary :shadow: :expand: Jump to "IPv6 Security Integration" .. tab-set:: .. tab-item:: IPv6 QoS Support **RFC:** RFC 8200 (IPv6), RFC 7915 (Flow Label Specification) **Main Features:** - Includes a Flow Label field in the IPv6 header to identify and manage traffic flows - Enables routers to recognize and prioritize packets belonging to specific flows - Supports differentiated handling for latency-sensitive applications like VoIP and video streaming - Works alongside Traffic Class field for enhanced Quality of Service (QoS) management - Helps optimize network performance by prioritizing critical traffic **Use Cases:** - Real-time communication applications requiring low latency - Multimedia streaming and online gaming - Enterprise networks with traffic prioritization policies **Alternative Protocols:** - Differentiated Services (DiffServ) for QoS classification and marking - Integrated Services (IntServ) for resource reservation .. panels:: :container: container pb-4 :column: col-lg-12 p-2 :card: What You Will Learn in This Section **Let us learn more about IPv6 QoS Support:** * :ref:`Learnings in this section ` * :ref:`Terminology ` * :ref:`Version Info ` * :ref:`Qos Support Basic Setup on Ubuntu using IPv6 ` * :ref:`Reference links ` .. button-link:: ./IPv6/Qos_Support.html :color: primary :shadow: :expand: Jump to "IPv6 QoS Support" .. tab-set:: .. tab-item:: IPv6 Neighbour Discovery **RFC:** RFC 4861 (Neighbor Discovery for IP version 6) **Main Features:** - Replaces ARP from IPv4 with the Neighbor Discovery Protocol (NDP) - Uses ICMPv6 messages for address resolution, router discovery, and neighbor reachability - Supports Duplicate Address Detection (DAD) to prevent address conflicts - Enables efficient address autoconfiguration and network prefix discovery - Enhances network security with Secure Neighbor Discovery (SEND) extensions **Use Cases:** - Address resolution in IPv6 local networks - Router and prefix discovery for auto-configuration - Detecting unreachable neighbors and managing link-layer addresses **Alternative Protocols:** - ARP in IPv4 networks - DHCPv6 for additional configuration beyond basic address resolution .. panels:: :container: container pb-4 :column: col-lg-12 p-2 :card: What You Will Learn in This Section **Let us learn more about IPv6 Neighbor Discovery:** * :ref:`Learnings in this section ` * :ref:`Terminology ` * :ref:`Version Info ` * :ref:`Neighbour Discovery Basic Setup on Ubuntu using IPv6 ` * :ref:`Reference links ` .. button-link:: ./IPv6/Neighbour_Discovery.html :color: primary :shadow: :expand: Jump to "IPv6 Neighbour Discovery" .. tab-set:: .. tab-item:: IPv6 Improved Multicast **RFC:** RFC 4291 (IPv6 Addressing Architecture), RFC 3810 (MLD for IPv6) **Main Features:** - Eliminates broadcast traffic, relying on multicast for efficient group communication - Supports scoped multicast addresses to limit traffic to specific network regions - Uses Multicast Listener Discovery (MLD) protocol for managing multicast group membership - Enables optimized delivery of data to multiple receivers without flooding the network - Supports applications like IPTV, conferencing, and service discovery **Use Cases:** - Group communication in local and wide area networks - Streaming media and real-time collaboration tools - Efficient network resource usage by avoiding unnecessary broadcast traffic **Alternative Protocols:** - Broadcast in IPv4 networks - Application-layer multicast solutions .. panels:: :container: container pb-4 :column: col-lg-12 p-2 :card: What You Will Learn in This Section **Let us learn more about IPv6 Improved Multicast:** * :ref:`Learnings in this section ` * :ref:`Terminology ` * :ref:`Version Info ` * :ref:`Improved Multicast Basic Setup on Ubuntu using IPv6 ` * :ref:`Reference links ` .. button-link:: ./IPv6/Improved_Multicast.html :color: primary :shadow: :expand: Jump to "IPv6 Improved Multicast" .. tab-set:: .. tab-item:: IPv6 Dual Stack **RFC:** RFC 4213 (Basic Transition Mechanisms for IPv6 Hosts and Routers) **Main Features:** - Enables devices and networks to run IPv4 and IPv6 protocols simultaneously - Allows gradual migration from IPv4 to IPv6 without service disruption - Supports both IPv4 and IPv6 address configurations on the same interface - Facilitates interoperability between IPv4-only and IPv6-only networks - Commonly used in enterprise and ISP transition strategies **Use Cases:** - Networks and devices transitioning to IPv6 - Ensuring backward compatibility with legacy IPv4 infrastructure - Supporting applications that require both IP versions during migration **Alternative Protocols:** - Tunneling mechanisms (e.g., 6to4, Teredo) - NAT64/DNS64 for IPv6-to-IPv4 translation .. panels:: :container: container pb-4 :column: col-lg-12 p-2 :card: What You Will Learn in This Section **Let us learn more about IPv6 Dual Stack:** * :ref:`Learnings in this section ` * :ref:`Terminology ` * :ref:`Version Info ` * :ref:`Dual Stack Basic Setup on Ubuntu using IPv6 ` * :ref:`Reference links ` .. button-link:: ./IPv6/Dual_Stack.html :color: primary :shadow: :expand: Jump to "IPv6 Dual Stack" .. tab-set:: .. tab-item:: IPv6 Built-in Mobility Support **RFC:** RFC 6275 (Mobile IPv6) **Main Features:** - Enables mobile devices to maintain ongoing IP connections while moving across different networks - Supports seamless handover without losing session continuity - Uses Home Agent and Care-of Address concepts to route traffic to the mobile node's current location - Integrates with IPv6's large address space and auto-configuration features - Improves user experience for mobile users, remote workers, and IoT devices **Use Cases:** - Smartphones and tablets switching between Wi-Fi and cellular networks - Remote workers maintaining VPN sessions while roaming - IoT devices moving across different network domains without reconfiguration **Alternative Protocols:** - Mobile IPv4 (less efficient and less secure) - Proxy Mobile IPv6 (network-based mobility management) .. panels:: :container: container pb-4 :column: col-lg-12 p-2 :card: What You Will Learn in This Section **Let us learn more about IPv6 Built-in Mobility Support:** * :ref:`Learnings in this section ` * :ref:`Terminology ` * :ref:`Version Info ` * :ref:`Built_in_mobility_support Basic Setup on Ubuntu using IPv6 ` * :ref:`Reference links ` .. button-link:: ./IPv6/Built_in_mobility_support.html :color: primary :shadow: :expand: Jump to "IPv6 Built-in Mobility Support" .. tab-set:: .. tab-item:: CIDR **RFC:** RFC 4291 **Main Features:** - Supports aggregation of IP address prefixes - Enables variable-length subnet masking - Reduces routing table size and improves scalability **Use Cases:** - Hierarchical address allocation and subnet management - Simplifies routing and address delegation **Alternative Approaches:** - Classful addressing (obsolete) .. panels:: :container: container pb-4 :column: col-lg-12 p-2 :card: What You Will Learn in This Section **Let us learn more about CIDR:** * :ref:`Learnings in this section ` * :ref:`Terminology ` * :ref:`Version Info ` * :ref:`CIDR Version&IEEE Details ` * :ref:`CIDR Basic Setup on Ubuntu using IPv4 ` * :ref:`CIDR Basic Setup on Ubuntu using IPv6 ` * :ref:`CIDR Protocol Packet Details ` * :ref:`CIDR Usecases ` * :ref:`CIDR Basic Features ` * :ref:`Reference links ` .. button-link:: ./IPv6/CIDR.html :color: primary :shadow: :expand: Jump to "CIDR" .. tab-set:: .. tab-item:: Subnetting IPv6 **RFC:** RFC 4291, RFC 7421 **Main Features:** - Divides IPv6 prefixes into smaller subnets - Recommended subnet size is /64 - Helps with traffic control and address hierarchy **Use Cases:** - Network segmentation in enterprise/ISP networks - Security policy enforcement **Alternative Approaches:** - Flat addressing schemes (rare) .. panels:: :container: container pb-4 :column: col-lg-12 p-2 :card: What You Will Learn in This Section **Let us learn more about Subnetting IPv6:** * :ref:`Learnings in this section ` * :ref:`Terminology ` * :ref:`Version Info ` * :ref:`Subnetting Version&IEEE Details ` * :ref:`Subnetting Basic Setup on Ubuntu using IPv4 ` * :ref:`Subnetting Basic Setup on Ubuntu using IPv6 ` * :ref:`Subnetting Protocol Packet Details ` * :ref:`Subnetting Usecases ` * :ref:`Subnetting Basic Features ` * :ref:`Reference links ` .. button-link:: ./IPv6/Subnetting_IPv6.html :color: primary :shadow: :expand: Jump to "Subnetting IPv6" .. tab-set:: .. tab-item:: NAT (Network Address Translation) **RFC:** RFC 3022 (Traditional NAT), RFC 7915 (IPv6-to-IPv4 Translation) **Main Features:** - Translates private IP addresses to public IP addresses and vice versa - Enables multiple devices on a local network to share a single public IP address - Helps conserve IPv4 address space and enhances security by hiding internal addresses - NAT is not commonly required in IPv6 due to its large address space and global addressing - IPv6 supports NAT64 for IPv6-to-IPv4 communication during transition periods **Use Cases:** - IPv4 networks with limited public IP addresses - Home routers and enterprise firewalls managing internal/external traffic - IPv6 transition mechanisms requiring IPv4 compatibility **Alternative Protocols:** - Native IPv6 addressing (no NAT needed) - Dual stack and tunneling for IPv4/IPv6 coexistence .. panels:: :container: container pb-4 :column: col-lg-12 p-2 :card: What You Will Learn in This Section **Let us learn more about NAT:** * :ref:`Learnings in this section ` * :ref:`Terminology ` * :ref:`Version Info ` * :ref:`Header Structure Basic Setup on Ubuntu using IPv6 ` * :ref:`Reference links ` .. button-link:: ./IPv6/NAT.html :color: primary :shadow: :expand: Jump to "NAT (Network Address Translation)" .. tab-set:: .. tab-item:: Anycast Addressing **RFC:** RFC 4291 **Main Features:** - Multiple interfaces share the same IP address - Packets routed to the nearest interface (in terms of routing cost) - Used for load balancing and redundancy **Use Cases:** - Efficient routing to the closest of multiple nodes (e.g., DNS servers, gateways) **Alternative Approaches:** - Unicast addressing – One-to-one communication - Multicast addressing – One-to-many communication .. panels:: :container: container pb-4 :column: col-lg-12 p-2 :card: What You Will Learn in This Section **Let us learn more about Anycast Addressing:** * :ref:`Learnings in this section ` * :ref:`Terminology ` * :ref:`Version Info ` * :ref:`Anycast_Addressing Version&IEEE Details ` * :ref:`Anycast_Addressing Basic Setup on Ubuntu using IPv4 ` * :ref:`Anycast_Addressing Basic Setup on Ubuntu using IPv6 ` * :ref:`Anycast_Addressing Protocol Packet Details ` * :ref:`Anycast_Addressing Usecases ` * :ref:`Anycast_Addressing Basic Features ` * :ref:`Reference links ` .. button-link:: ./IPv6/Anycast_Addressing.html :color: primary :shadow: :expand: Jump to "Anycast Addressing" .. tab-set:: .. tab-item:: Multicast Addressing **RFC:** RFC 4291 **Main Features:** - Enables one-to-many communication - Replaces broadcast in IPv6 - Uses address range ff00::/8 - Used for service discovery and protocol announcements **Use Cases:** - Group communication in LAN/WAN - Streaming, routing protocol updates, neighbor discovery **Alternative Approaches:** - Broadcast addressing (IPv4 only) - Anycast addressing – One-to-nearest communication .. panels:: :container: container pb-4 :column: col-lg-12 p-2 :card: What You Will Learn in This Section **Let us learn more about Multicast Addressing:** * :ref:`Learnings in this section ` * :ref:`Terminology ` * :ref:`Version Info ` * :ref:`Multicast_Addressing Version&IEEE Details ` * :ref:`Multicast_Addressing Basic Setup on Ubuntu using IPv4 ` * :ref:`Multicast_Addressing Basic Setup on Ubuntu using IPv6 ` * :ref:`Multicast_Addressing Protocol Packet Details ` * :ref:`Multicast_Addressing Usecases ` * :ref:`Multicast_Addressing Basic Features ` * :ref:`Reference links ` .. button-link:: ./IPv6/Multicast_Addressing.html :color: primary :shadow: :expand: Jump to "Multicast Addressing" .. tab-set:: .. tab-item:: Unicast Addressing **RFC:** RFC 4291 **Main Features:** - Unique address assigned to a single interface - Includes global, link-local, and unique local types - Enables device-to-device communication **Use Cases:** - One-to-one communication on IPv6 networks - Device identification, routing, and connectivity **Alternative Approaches:** - Anycast addressing – One-to-nearest communication - Multicast addressing – One-to-many communication .. panels:: :container: container pb-4 :column: col-lg-12 p-2 :card: What You Will Learn in This Section **Let us learn more about Unicast Addressing:** * :ref:`Learnings in this section ` * :ref:`Terminology ` * :ref:`Version Info ` * :ref:`Unicast_Addressing Version&IEEE Details ` * :ref:`Unicast_Addressing Basic Setup on Ubuntu using IPv4 ` * :ref:`Unicast_Addressing Basic Setup on Ubuntu using IPv6 ` * :ref:`Unicast_Addressing Protocol Packet Details ` * :ref:`Unicast_Addressing Usecases ` * :ref:`Unicast_Addressing Basic Features ` * :ref:`Reference links ` .. button-link:: ./IPv6/Unicast_Addressing.html :color: primary :shadow: :expand: Jump to "Unicast Addressing" .. tab-set:: .. tab-item:: EGP (Exterior Gateway Protocol) **RFC:** RFC 904, RFC 1772 (Historic) **Main Features:** - One of the earliest routing protocols used to exchange routing info between autonomous systems. - Largely obsolete and replaced by BGP. **Use Cases:** - Inter-AS routing in early networks. **Alternative Protocols:** - BGP – Modern exterior gateway protocol used globally. .. panels:: :container: container pb-4 :column: col-lg-12 p-2 :card: What You Will Learn in This Section **Let us learn more about EGP:** * :ref:`Learnings in this section ` * :ref:`Terminology ` * :ref:`Version Info ` * :ref:`EGP Version&RFC Details ` * :ref:`EGP Basic Setup on Ubuntu using IPv4 ` * :ref:`EGP Basic Setup on Ubuntu using IPv6 ` * :ref:`EGP Protocol Packet Details ` * :ref:`EGP Usecases ` * :ref:`EGP Basic Features ` * :ref:`EGP Feature : Inter-AS Communication ` * :ref:`EGP Feature : Reachability-Based Routing ` * :ref:`EGP Feature : Polling Mechanism ` * :ref:`EGP Feature : Finite-State Machine Model ` * :ref:`EGP Feature : Simple Packet Structure ` * :ref:`EGP Feature : Tree-Like Topology Support ` * :ref:`EGP Feature : Limited Scalability ` * :ref:`Reference links ` .. button-link:: ./IPv6/EGP.html :color: primary :shadow: :expand: Jump to "EGP" .. tab-set:: .. tab-item:: IS-IS (Intermediate System to Intermediate System) **RFC:** RFC 1142, RFC 1195, RFC 5308 (IPv6 support) **Main Features:** - Link-state protocol designed for large ISP networks. - Scales well and supports both IPv4 and IPv6. **Use Cases:** - Core ISP and enterprise backbone routing. **Alternative Protocols:** - OSPF – Another scalable link-state protocol. - BGP – For inter-domain routing. .. panels:: :container: container pb-4 :column: col-lg-12 p-2 :card: What You Will Learn in This Section **Let us learn more about IS-IS:** * :ref:`Learnings in this section ` * :ref:`Terminology ` * :ref:`Version Info ` * :ref:`IS_IS Version&RFC Details ` * :ref:`IS_IS Basic Setup on Ubuntu using IS_IS ` * :ref:`IS_IS Basic Setup on Ubuntu using IS_IS ` * :ref:`IS_IS Protocol Packet Details ` * :ref:`IS_IS Usecases ` * :ref:`IS_IS Basic Features ` * :ref:`IS_IS Feature : Link-State Protocol ` * :ref:`IS_IS Feature : Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) ` * :ref:`IS_IS Feature : Supports Hierarchical Routing ` * :ref:`IS_IS Feature : Protocol Extensibility via TLVs ` * :ref:`IS_IS Feature : IPv4 and IPv6 Support ` * :ref:`IS_IS Feature : Fast Convergence ` * :ref:`IS_IS Feature : Scalability ` * :ref:`IS_IS Feature : Authentication Support ` * :ref:`IS_IS Feature : Segment Routing Support ` * :ref:`Reference links ` .. button-link:: ./IPv6/IS_IS.html :color: primary :shadow: :expand: Jump to "IS-IS" .. tab-set:: .. tab-item:: MP-BGP (Multiprotocol BGP) **RFC:** RFC 4271 (BGP-4), RFC 4760 (Multiprotocol Extensions) **Main Features:** - Extension of BGP that supports routing for multiple protocols, including IPv6 and MPLS VPNs. **Use Cases:** - Multi-protocol environments and MPLS networks. **Alternative Protocols:** - EIGRP – For internal routing within organizations. - IS-IS – Alternative backbone routing protocol. .. panels:: :container: container pb-4 :column: col-lg-12 p-2 :card: What You Will Learn in This Section **Let us learn more about MP-BGP:** * :ref:`Learnings in this section ` * :ref:`Terminology ` * :ref:`Version Info ` * :ref:`MP_BGP Version&RFC Details ` * :ref:`MP_BGP Basic Setup on Ubuntu using IPv6 ` * :ref:`MP_BGP Protocol Packet Details ` * :ref:`MP_BGP Usecases ` * :ref:`MP_BGP Basic Features ` * :ref:`MP_BGP Feature : Multiprotocol Support ` * :ref:`MP_BGP Feature : AFI_SAFI Mechanism ` * :ref:`MP_BGP Feature : MP_REACH_NLRI Attribute ` * :ref:`MP_BGP Feature : MP_UNREACH_NLRI Attribute ` * :ref:`MP_BGP Feature : Backward Compatibility ` * :ref:`MP_BGP Feature : Separate Routing Tables ` * :ref:`MP_BGP Feature : Flexible Transport ` * :ref:`MP_BGP Feature : Scalability ` * :ref:`MP_BGP Feature : Policy Control ` * :ref:`MP_BGP Feature : Extensibility ` * :ref:`Reference links ` .. button-link:: ./IPv6/MP_BGP.html :color: primary :shadow: :expand: Jump to "MP-BGP" .. tab-set:: .. tab-item:: OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) **RFC:** RFC 2328 (OSPFv2) **Main Features:** - Open standard link-state protocol using Dijkstra’s algorithm. - Supports areas, fast convergence, and VLSM. **Use Cases:** - Hierarchical and scalable enterprise routing. **Alternative Protocols:** - IS-IS – Another open standard link-state protocol. - EIGRP – Cisco proprietary alternative. .. panels:: :container: container pb-4 :column: col-lg-12 p-2 :card: What You Will Learn in This Section **Let us learn more about OSPF:** * :ref:`Learnings in this section ` * :ref:`Terminology ` * :ref:`Version Info ` * :ref:`OSPF Version&RFC Details ` * :ref:`OSPF Basic Setup on Ubuntu using OSPF ` * :ref:`OSPF Basic Setup on Ubuntu using OSPF ` * :ref:`OSPF Protocol Packet Details ` * :ref:`OSPF Usecases ` * :ref:`OSPF Basic Features ` * :ref:`OSPF Feature : Link-State Protocol ` * :ref:`OSPF Feature : Hierarchical Design ` * :ref:`OSPF Feature : Fast Convergence ` * :ref:`OSPF Feature : Cost-Based Metric ` * :ref:`OSPF Feature : Supports VLSM and CIDR ` * :ref:`OSPF Feature : Multicast Updates ` * :ref:`OSPF Feature : Authentication Support ` * :ref:`OSPF Feature : DR BDR Election ` * :ref:`OSPF Feature : Equal-Cost Multipath (ECMP) ` * :ref:`OSPF Feature : Scalable and Extensible ` * :ref:`Reference links ` .. button-link:: ./IPv6/OSPF.html :color: primary :shadow: :expand: Jump to "OSPF" .. tab-set:: .. tab-item:: RIPv1 (Routing Information Protocol v1) **RFC:** RFC 1058 **Main Features:** - Early distance-vector protocol using hop count metric. - No support for CIDR or VLSM. **Use Cases:** - Small networks or legacy equipment. **Alternative Protocols:** - RIPv2 – Improved version with modern features. - OSPF – For larger or more complex networks. .. panels:: :container: container pb-4 :column: col-lg-12 p-2 :card: What You Will Learn in This Section **Let us learn more about RIPv1:** * :ref:`Learnings in this section ` * :ref:`Terminology ` * :ref:`Version Info ` * :ref:`RIPv1 Version&RFC Details ` * :ref:`RIPv1 Basic Setup on Ubuntu using IPv4 ` * :ref:`RIPv1 Basic Setup on Ubuntu using IPv6 ` * :ref:`RIPv1 Protocol Packet Details ` * :ref:`RIPv1 Usecases ` * :ref:`RIPv1 Basic Features ` * :ref:`RIPv1 Feature : Classful Routing ` * :ref:`RIPv1 Feature : Distance Vector Protocol ` * :ref:`RIPv1 Feature : Maximum Hop Count ` * :ref:`RIPv1 Feature : Broadcast Updates ` * :ref:`RIPv1 Feature : Periodic Updates ` * :ref:`RIPv1 Feature : No Authentication ` * :ref:`Reference links ` .. button-link:: ./IPv6/RIPv1.html :color: primary :shadow: :expand: Jump to "RIPv1" .. tab-set:: .. tab-item:: RIPv2 (Routing Information Protocol v2) **RFC:** RFC 2453 **Main Features:** - An enhanced version of RIPv1, supporting authentication, CIDR, and multicast updates. **Use Cases:** - Small-to-medium networks with basic routing needs. **Alternative Protocols:** - OSPF – More scalable and feature-rich. - EIGRP – Cisco proprietary alternative. .. panels:: :container: container pb-4 :column: col-lg-12 p-2 :card: What You Will Learn in This Section **Let us learn more about RIPv2:** * :ref:`Learnings in this section ` * :ref:`Terminology ` * :ref:`Version Info ` * :ref:`RIPv2 Version&RFC Details ` * :ref:`RIPv2 Basic Setup on Ubuntu using IPv4 ` * :ref:`RIPv2 Basic Setup on Ubuntu using IPv6 ` * :ref:`RIPv2 Protocol Packet Details ` * :ref:`RIPv2 Usecases ` * :ref:`RIPv2 Basic Features ` * :ref:`RIPv2 Feature : Classless Routing ` * :ref:`RIPv2 Feature : Distance Vector Protocol ` * :ref:`RIPv2 Feature : Maximum Hop Count ` * :ref:`RIPv2 Feature : Multicast Updates ` * :ref:`RIPv2 Feature : Periodic Updates ` * :ref:`RIPv2 Feature : Authentication Support ` * :ref:`Reference links ` .. button-link:: ./IPv6/RIPv2.html :color: primary :shadow: :expand: Jump to "RIPv2"