Network Protocols in Mobile 
==============================

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   SIP
   SS7
   VoLTE
   VoNR
   GSM
   UMTS
   LTE
   5G_NR

This section covers critical protocols used in mobile audio calls, spanning signaling, voice transport, and network technologies across generations.

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   * - Protocol
     - Description
     - Use Case
   * - SIP (Session Initiation Protocol)
     - A signaling protocol to initiate, maintain, and terminate real-time sessions.  
       *Widely used for VoIP and multimedia communications.*
     - VoIP calls, video conferencing, IP telephony.
   * - SS7 (Signaling System No. 7)
     - Traditional telephony signaling protocol for call setup and control in PSTN.  
       *Handles call routing and mobility management.*
     - Circuit-switched calls, roaming, SMS delivery.
   * - VoLTE (Voice over LTE)
     - Voice service over LTE data networks providing HD voice quality.  
       *Allows simultaneous voice and data on LTE.*
     - 4G mobile voice calls, improved call setup.
   * - VoNR (Voice over New Radio)
     - Voice service over 5G NR network enabling native 5G voice calls.  
       *Improves latency and voice quality further.*
     - 5G voice calls, future-proof mobile telephony.
   * - GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications)
     - 2G cellular standard for voice and basic data services.  
       *First widely deployed digital cellular system.*
     - Legacy mobile calls, SMS.
   * - UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System)
     - 3G cellular technology providing higher data rates.  
       *Supports voice and multimedia over cellular.*
     - 3G voice calls, video calling.
   * - LTE (Long-Term Evolution)
     - 4G cellular technology offering high-speed data and IP-based voice.  
       *Foundation for VoLTE and advanced mobile broadband.*
     - 4G mobile data, VoLTE calls.
   * - 5G NR (New Radio)
     - Next-generation 5G wireless standard focused on speed, latency, and capacity.  
       *Supports VoNR and enhanced mobile broadband.*
     - 5G data and voice services, IoT.

.. tab-set::

   .. tab-item:: SIP (Session Initiation Protocol)

      **RFC:** RFC 3261

      **Main Features:**

      - Initiates, manages, and terminates multimedia sessions
      - Supports presence and user location
      - Text-based, flexible, and extensible
      - Common in VoIP and conferencing platforms

      **Use Cases:**

      - VoIP and IP telephony
      - Video conferencing
      - Unified communication services

      **Alternative Protocols:**

      - H.323 – Older protocol for multimedia
      - MGCP – Media gateway control

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         **Let us learn more about SIP:**

         * :ref:`Learnings in this section <SIP_step1>`

         * :ref:`Terminology <SIP_step2>`

         * :ref:`Version Info <SIP_step3>`

         * :ref:`SIP Version&RFC Details <SIP_step5>`

         * :ref:`SIP Basic Setup on Ubuntu using IPv4 <SIP_step20>`

         * :ref:`SIP Basic Setup on Ubuntu using IPv6 <SIP_step21>`

         * :ref:`SIP Protocol Packet Details <SIP_step6>`

         * :ref:`SIP Usecases <SIP_step7>`

         * :ref:`SIP Basic Features <SIP_step8>`

         * :ref:`SIP Feature : Text-Based Protocol <SIP_step9>` 

         * :ref:`SIP Feature : Session Control <SIP_step10>`

         * :ref:`SIP Feature : Transport Independent <SIP_step11>`  

         * :ref:`SIP Feature : Addressing via URI <SIP_step12>`  

         * :ref:`SIP Feature : Support for Mobility <SIP_step13>`

         * :ref:`SIP Feature : Extensible Architecture <SIP_step14>`

         * :ref:`SIP Feature : Integration with Other Protocols <SIP_step15>`   

         * :ref:`SIP Feature : Proxy and Redirect Support <SIP_step16>` 

         * :ref:`SIP Feature : Presence and Messaging <SIP_step17>`

         * :ref:`SIP Feature : Security Support <SIP_step18>`

         * :ref:`Reference links <SIP_step19>`

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   .. tab-item:: SS7 (Signaling System No. 7)

      **ITU-T Recommendations:** Q.700 series

      **Main Features:**

      - Call setup and routing for PSTN and cellular
      - Mobility management, handoff, and SMS delivery
      - Global signaling backbone for telecom

      **Use Cases:**

      - Legacy PSTN voice networks
      - SMS and roaming infrastructure
      - Mobile switching center signaling

      **Alternative Protocols:**

      - SIGTRAN – Transports SS7 over IP
      - Diameter – Modern signaling in IMS

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         **Let us learn more about SS7:**

         * :ref:`Learnings in this section <SS7_step1>`

         * :ref:`Terminology <SS7_step2>`

         * :ref:`Version Info <SS7_step3>`

         * :ref:`SS7 Version&RFC Details <SS7_step5>`

         * :ref:`SS7 Basic Setup on Ubuntu using IPv4 <SS7_step20>`

         * :ref:`SS7 Basic Setup on Ubuntu using IPv6 <SS7_step21>`

         * :ref:`SS7 Protocol Packet Details <SS7_step6>`

         * :ref:`SS7 Usecases <SS7_step7>`

         * :ref:`SS7 Basic Features <SS7_step8>`

         * :ref:`SS7 Feature : Out-of-Band Signaling <SS7_step9>` 

         * :ref:`SS7 Feature : Reliable Message Transfer <SS7_step10>`

         * :ref:`SS7 Feature : Global Title Translation <SS7_step11>`  

         * :ref:`SS7 Feature : Fast Call Setup <SS7_step12>`  

         * :ref:`SS7 Feature : Network Management <SS7_step13>`

         * :ref:`SS7 Feature : Support for Mobile Services <SS7_step14>`

         * :ref:`SS7 Feature : Scalability <SS7_step15>`   

         * :ref:`SS7 Feature : Interoperability <SS7_step16>` 

         * :ref:`SS7 Feature : Security (Basic) <SS7_step17>`

         * :ref:`SS7 Feature : Service Flexibility <SS7_step18>`

         * :ref:`Reference links <SS7_step19>`

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   .. tab-item:: VoLTE (Voice over LTE)

      **3GPP Specifications:** TS 23.228, TS 24.229

      **Main Features:**

      - IP-based voice service over LTE
      - High-definition (HD) voice quality via AMR-WB
      - Simultaneous voice and data

      **Use Cases:**

      - 4G mobile voice calls
      - Low latency voice setup
      - Transition from legacy voice

      **Alternative Protocols:**

      - CSFB – Circuit-Switched Fallback
      - VoWiFi – Voice over Wi-Fi

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         **Let us learn more about VoLTE:**

         * :ref:`Learnings in this section <VoLTE_step1>`

         * :ref:`Terminology <VoLTE_step2>`

         * :ref:`Version Info <VoLTE_step3>`

         * :ref:`VoLTE Version&RFC Details <VoLTE_step5>`

         * :ref:`VoLTE Basic Setup on Ubuntu using IPv4 <VoLTE_step20>`

         * :ref:`VoLTE Basic Setup on Ubuntu using IPv6 <VoLTE_step21>`

         * :ref:`VoLTE Protocol Packet Details <VoLTE_step6>`

         * :ref:`VoLTE Usecases <VoLTE_step7>`

         * :ref:`VoLTE Basic Features <VoLTE_step8>`

         * :ref:`VoLTE Feature : High-Defnition (HD) Voice <VoLTE_step9>` 

         * :ref:`VoLTE Feature : All-IP Architecture <VoLTE_step10>`

         * :ref:`VoLTE Feature : Fast Call Setup <VoLTE_step11>`  

         * :ref:`VoLTE Feature : Simulataneous Voice & Data <VoLTE_step12>`  

         * :ref:`VoLTE Feature : Improved Battery Life <VoLTE_step13>`

         * :ref:`VoLTE Feature : Seamless Handover (SRVCC) <VoLTE_step14>`

         * :ref:`VoLTE Feature : QoS Support <VoLTE_step15>`   

         * :ref:`VoLTE Feature : Emergency Services Support <VoLTE_step16>` 

         * :ref:`VoLTE Feature : IMS-Based Services <VoLTE_step17>`

         * :ref:`VoLTE Feature : Roaming Support <VoLTE_step18>`

         * :ref:`Reference links <VoLTE_step19>`


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   .. tab-item:: VoNR (Voice over New Radio)

      **3GPP Specifications:** Release 15+

      **Main Features:**

      - Native 5G voice service
      - Extremely low latency
      - Seamless IMS and NR integration

      **Use Cases:**

      - 5G voice and video calls
      - Advanced mobile communication services
      - Future-ready voice infrastructure

      **Alternative Protocols:**

      - VoLTE – Used during early 5G deployments
      - IMS – Core network platform

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         **Let us learn more about VoNR:**

         * :ref:`Learnings in this section <VoNR_step1>`

         * :ref:`Terminology <VoNR_step2>`

         * :ref:`Version Info <VoNR_step3>`

         * :ref:`VoNR Version&RFC Details <VoNR_step5>`

         * :ref:`VoNR Basic Setup on Ubuntu using IPv4 <VoNR_step20>`

         * :ref:`VoNR Basic Setup on Ubuntu using IPv6 <VoNR_step21>`

         * :ref:`VoNR Protocol Packet Details <VoNR_step6>`

         * :ref:`VoNR Usecases <VoNR_step7>`

         * :ref:`VoNR Basic Features <VoNR_step8>`

         * :ref:`VoNR Feature : Native 5G Voice <VoNR_step9>` 

         * :ref:`VoNR Feature : Ultra-Low Latency <VoNR_step10>`

         * :ref:`VoNR Feature : Enhanced Voice Quality <VoNR_step11>`  

         * :ref:`VoNR Feature : Simulataneous Voice & Data <VoNR_step12>`  

         * :ref:`VoNR Feature : IMS Integration <VoNR_step13>`

         * :ref:`VoNR Feature : QoS-Based Bearer Management <VoNR_step14>`

         * :ref:`VoNR Feature : Network Slicing Support <VoNR_step15>`   

         * :ref:`VoNR Feature : Emergency Services Support <VoNR_step16>` 

         * :ref:`VoNR Feature : Mobility and Handover <VoNR_step17>`

         * :ref:`VoNR Feature : Energy Efficiency <VoNR_step18>`

         * :ref:`Reference links <VoNR_step19>`

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   .. tab-item:: GSM

      **Standards Body:** 3GPP

      **Main Features:**

      - 2G circuit-switched voice
      - Basic SMS and limited data
      - Widespread global adoption

      **Use Cases:**

      - Legacy mobile voice networks
      - Low-speed text and telemetry services

      **Alternative Protocols:**

      - CDMA – Competing 2G standard
      - UMTS – Successor to GSM

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         **Let us learn more about GSM:**

         * :ref:`Learnings in this section <GSM_step1>`

         * :ref:`Terminology <GSM_step2>`

         * :ref:`Version Info <GSM_step3>`

         * :ref:`GSM Version&RFC Details <GSM_step5>`

         * :ref:`GSM Basic Setup on Ubuntu using IPv4 <GSM_step20>`

         * :ref:`GSM Basic Setup on Ubuntu using IPv6 <GSM_step21>`

         * :ref:`GSM Protocol Packet Details <GSM_step6>`

         * :ref:`GSM Usecases <GSM_step7>`

         * :ref:`GSM Basic Features <GSM_step8>`

         * :ref:`GSM Feature : Digital Voice Transmission <GSM_step9>` 

         * :ref:`GSM Feature : SIM-Based Authentication <GSM_step10>`

         * :ref:`GSM Feature : International Roaming <GSM_step11>`  

         * :ref:`GSM Feature : SMS Support <GSM_step12>`  

         * :ref:`GSM Feature : Call and Message Encryption <GSM_step13>`

         * :ref:`GSM Feature : Supplementary Services <GSM_step14>`

         * :ref:`GSM Feature : Efficient Spectrum Usage <GSM_step15>`   

         * :ref:`GSM Feature : Low Power Consumption <GSM_step16>` 

         * :ref:`GSM Feature : Emergency Calling <GSM_step17>`

         * :ref:`GSM Feature : Support for Data Services <GSM_step18>`

         * :ref:`Reference links <GSM_step19>`


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   .. tab-item:: UMTS

      **Standards Body:** 3GPP

      **Main Features:**

      - 3G cellular voice and data
      - Higher data rates than GSM
      - Support for circuit- and packet-switched services

      **Use Cases:**

      - Video calls
      - Enhanced voice and mobile browsing

      **Alternative Protocols:**

      - GSM – Legacy fallback
      - LTE – Next-gen replacement

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         **Let us learn more about UMTS:**

         * :ref:`Learnings in this section <UMTS_step1>`

         * :ref:`Terminology <UMTS_step2>`

         * :ref:`Version Info <UMTS_step3>`

         * :ref:`UMTS Version&RFC Details <UMTS_step5>`

         * :ref:`UMTS Basic Setup on Ubuntu using IPv4 <UMTS_step20>`

         * :ref:`UMTS Basic Setup on Ubuntu using IPv6 <UMTS_step21>`

         * :ref:`UMTS Protocol Packet Details <UMTS_step6>`

         * :ref:`UMTS Usecases <UMTS_step7>`

         * :ref:`UMTS Basic Features <UMTS_step8>`

         * :ref:`UMTS Feature : High Data Rates <UMTS_step9>` 

         * :ref:`UMTS Feature : WCDMA Technology <UMTS_step10>`

         * :ref:`UMTS Feature : Packet-Switched and Circuit-Switched <UMTS_step11>`  

         * :ref:`UMTS Feature : Global Roaming <UMTS_step12>`  

         * :ref:`UMTS Feature : Multimedia Services <UMTS_step13>`

         * :ref:`UMTS Feature : QoS Support <UMTS_step14>`

         * :ref:`UMTS Feature : Backward Compatibility <UMTS_step15>`   

         * :ref:`UMTS Feature : Handover Support <UMTS_step16>` 

         * :ref:`UMTS Feature : Security Features <UMTS_step17>`

         * :ref:`UMTS Feature : Efficient Spectrum Use <UMTS_step18>`

         * :ref:`Reference links <UMTS_step19>`

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   .. tab-item:: LTE

      **Standards Body:** 3GPP

      **Main Features:**

      - All-IP high-speed mobile broadband
      - Foundation for VoLTE and IMS
      - Low-latency access to data and voice

      **Use Cases:**

      - Mobile internet
      - VoIP over LTE (VoLTE)
      - Streaming and multimedia

      **Alternative Protocols:**

      - UMTS – 3G predecessor
      - 5G NR – Next-gen successor

      .. panels::
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         **Let us learn more about LTE:**

         * :ref:`Learnings in this section <LTE_step1>`

         * :ref:`Terminology <LTE_step2>`

         * :ref:`Version Info <LTE_step3>`

         * :ref:`LTE Version&RFC Details <LTE_step5>`

         * :ref:`LTE Basic Setup on Ubuntu using IPv4 <LTE_step20>`

         * :ref:`LTE Basic Setup on Ubuntu using IPv6 <LTE_step21>`

         * :ref:`LTE Protocol Packet Details <LTE_step6>`

         * :ref:`LTE Usecases <LTE_step7>`

         * :ref:`LTE Basic Features <LTE_step8>`

         * :ref:`LTE Feature : All-IP Network <LTE_step9>` 

         * :ref:`LTE Feature : High Data Rates <LTE_step10>`

         * :ref:`LTE Feature : Low Latency <LTE_step11>`  

         * :ref:`LTE Feature : Scalable Bandwidth <LTE_step12>`  

         * :ref:`LTE Feature : OFDMA and SC-FDMA <LTE_step13>`

         * :ref:`LTE Feature : MIMO Support <LTE_step14>`

         * :ref:`LTE Feature : Seamless Mobility <LTE_step15>`   

         * :ref:`LTE Feature : Quality of Service (QoS) <LTE_step16>` 

         * :ref:`LTE Feature : Carrier Aggregation <LTE_step17>`

         * :ref:`LTE Feature : Enhanced Security <LTE_step18>`

         * :ref:`Reference links <LTE_step19>`

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   .. tab-item:: 5G NR (New Radio)

      **Standards Body:** 3GPP Release 15+

      **Main Features:**

      - Ultra-fast wireless connectivity
      - Supports massive IoT and enhanced mobile broadband
      - Foundation for VoNR and future services

      **Use Cases:**

      - 5G voice and video
      - Smart devices and IoT
      - Edge computing and ultra-low latency

      **Alternative Protocols:**

      - LTE – Legacy 4G platform
      - Wi-Fi 6/6E – Competing wireless access

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         **Let us learn more about 5G NR:**

          * :ref:`Learnings in this section <5G-NR_step1>`

          * :ref:`Terminology <5G-NR_step2>`

          * :ref:`Version Info <5G-NR_step3>`

          * :ref:`5G-NR Version&IEEE Details <5G-NR_step5>`

          * :ref:`5G-NR Basic Setup on Ubuntu using IPv4 <5G-NR_step20>`

          * :ref:`5G-NR Basic Setup on Ubuntu using IPv6 <5G-NR_step21>`

          * :ref:`5G-NR Protocol Packet Details <5G-NR_step6>`

          * :ref:`5G-NR Usecases <5G-NR_step7>`

          * :ref:`5G-NR Basic Features <5G-NR_step8>`

          * :ref:`5G-NR Feature : High Data Rates <5G-NR_step9>` 

          * :ref:`5G-NR Feature : Low Latency <5G-NR_step10>`

          * :ref:`5G-NR Feature : Massive Device Connectivity <5G-NR_step11>`  

          * :ref:`5G-NR Feature : Flexible Spectrum Usage <5G-NR_step12>`  

          * :ref:`5G-NR Feature : Dynamic Spectrum Sharing  <5G-NR_step13>`

          * :ref:`5G-NR Feature : Network Slicing <5G-NR_step14>`

          * :ref:`5G-NR Feature : Beamforming <5G-NR_step15>`   

          * :ref:`5G-NR Feature : Massive MIMO <5G-NR_step16>` 

          * :ref:`5G-NR Feature : Energy Efficiency <5G-NR_step17>`

          * :ref:`5G-NR Feature : Enhanced Mobility Support <5G-NR_step18>`

          * :ref:`Reference links <5G-NR_step19>`

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