Power Saving Mechanisms in IEEE 802.11a protocol
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        **What is the main purpose of power saving in IEEE 802.11a?**

        To reduce the power consumption of wireless devices while maintaining connectivity.

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        **Which layer handles power saving in 802.11a?**

        Power saving is managed at the MAC layer.

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        **What are the two main power states in 802.11a?**

        Awake (active) and doze (low power) states.

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        **How does a device enter the power save mode?**

        By signaling to the Access Point (AP) that it is entering doze mode and will be temporarily unavailable.

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        **What is the role of the Traffic Indication Map (TIM) in power saving?**

        TIM is sent by the AP in beacon frames to notify sleeping devices of buffered packets waiting for them.

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        **How often are beacon frames transmitted in 802.11a?**

        Typically every 100 ms, containing TIM and other management information.

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        **What must a power-saving client do after receiving a TIM indicating buffered data?**

        It must send a PS-Poll frame to the AP to request delivery of the buffered frames.

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        **What is a PS-Poll frame?**

        A frame sent by a client in power save mode to retrieve buffered data from the AP.

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        **How does 802.11a minimize power usage during idle periods?**

        By allowing clients to enter doze mode and periodically wake to check for buffered frames.

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        **Does power saving affect latency in 802.11a?**

        Yes, because devices sleep and wake intermittently, there can be increased latency in receiving data.

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        **Can power save mode be disabled in 802.11a?**

        Yes, devices or APs can disable power save mode to prioritize performance.

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        **What is the impact of power saving on battery life?**

        It significantly extends battery life for wireless devices like laptops and mobile devices.

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        **Is power saving compatible with all 802.11a devices?**

        Most devices support power saving, but compatibility depends on implementation.

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        **How does the AP handle buffered data for sleeping clients?**

        The AP queues frames destined for sleeping clients and signals their presence in the TIM.

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        **What happens if a client misses a beacon containing the TIM?**

        The client may miss notification of buffered data and have to wait for the next beacon frame.

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        **Can multiple clients save power simultaneously in 802.11a?**

        Yes, the AP manages TIM and buffered data for all clients in power save mode.

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        **Are there any enhancements to power saving beyond the basic mechanism in 802.11a?**

        Advanced power save features like Automatic Power Save Delivery (APSD) were introduced later in 802.11e.

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        **How does power saving impact throughput?**

        Power saving can reduce throughput slightly due to the time spent in doze mode and waiting for buffered data.

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        **Can power saving mechanisms be tuned or configured?**

        Yes, parameters like beacon interval and listen interval can be adjusted to balance power and performance.

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        Topics in this section,

                * :ref:`Learnings in this section <power_save_step1>`

                * :ref:`Terminology <power_save_step2>`

                * :ref:`Version Info <power_save_step3>`

                * :ref:`power_save Basic Setup on Ubuntu using IPv4 <power_save_step18>`

                * :ref:`Reference links <power_save_step17>`

.. _power_save_step1:

.. tab-set::

    .. tab-item:: Learnings in this section

        * In this section, you are going to learn

.. _power_save_step2:

.. tab-set::

    .. tab-item:: Terminology
        
       * Terminology


.. _power_save_step3:

.. tab-set::

    .. tab-item:: Version Info
    
         * Version Info


.. _power_save_step18:

.. tab-set::

    .. tab-item:: power_save Basic Setup on Ubuntu using IPv4

       * setup


.. _power_save_step17:

.. tab-set::

    .. tab-item:: Reference links
     
       * Reference links