802.11an Physical Rates
=========================


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        **What are physical rates in IEEE 802.11an?**

        Physical rates refer to the data transmission speeds supported at the PHY layer.

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        **What is the maximum physical data rate supported by 802.11an?**

        Up to 600 Mbps using 4 spatial streams and 40 MHz channels.

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        **How does 802.11an achieve higher data rates compared to 802.11a?**

        By using channel bonding (40 MHz channels) and MIMO technology.

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        **What modulation schemes are used in 802.11an?**

        BPSK, QPSK, 16-QAM, and 64-QAM with various coding rates.

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        **What is the role of spatial streams in physical rates?**

        Multiple spatial streams transmitted simultaneously increase throughput proportionally.

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        **How many spatial streams does 802.11an support?**

        Up to 4 spatial streams.

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        **What channel widths are supported in 802.11an?**

        20 MHz and 40 MHz channels.

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        **How does channel bonding affect physical rates?**

        Combining two 20 MHz channels into one 40 MHz channel doubles the data rate.

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        **What is the modulation and coding scheme (MCS) index?**

        A number defining the combination of modulation type, coding rate, and spatial streams.

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        **How many MCS levels are defined in 802.11an?**

        Typically 32 MCS indexes (0-31) combining modulation, coding, and streams.

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        **What determines the selected physical rate during communication?**

        Signal quality, channel conditions, and rate adaptation algorithms.

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        **Can 802.11an devices dynamically change physical rates?**

        Yes, rate adaptation mechanisms adjust data rates based on real-time link conditions.

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        **What frequency band does 802.11an operate in?**

        The 5 GHz band.

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        **How does MIMO improve physical rates?**

        By transmitting multiple data streams simultaneously on different antennas.

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        **What is the impact of coding rate on physical rates?**

        Higher coding rates increase throughput but require better signal quality.

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        **How does 802.11an handle interference affecting physical rates?**

        Rate adaptation lowers modulation and coding to maintain reliable links under interference.

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        **Are 802.11an physical rates backward compatible with 802.11a?**

        Yes, but only when using 20 MHz channels and single spatial stream.

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        **What is the minimum physical rate in 802.11an?**

        Typically 6.5 Mbps using BPSK with coding rate 1/2 and 20 MHz channel.

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        **How is physical rate information communicated between devices?**

        Through SIGNAL and HT-SIG fields in the PPDU header.

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        **How do antenna configurations affect physical rates?**

        More antennas enable more spatial streams, increasing the maximum physical rate.

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        Topics in this section,

                * :ref:`Learnings in this section <physical_rates_step1>`

                * :ref:`Terminology <physical_rates_step2>`

                * :ref:`Version Info <physical_rates_step3>`

                * :ref:`physical_rates Basic Setup on Ubuntu using IPv4 <physical_rates_step18>`

                * :ref:`Reference links <physical_rates_step17>`

.. _physical_rates_step1:

.. tab-set::

    .. tab-item:: Learnings in this section
 
        * In this section, you are going to learn

.. _physical_rates_step2:

.. tab-set::

    .. tab-item:: Terminology
        
       * Terminology


.. _physical_rates_step3:

.. tab-set::

    .. tab-item:: Version Info
    
         * Version Info


.. _physical_rates_step18:

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    .. tab-item:: physical_rates Basic Setup on Ubuntu using IPv4

       * setup


.. _physical_rates_step17:

.. tab-set::

    .. tab-item:: Reference links
     
       * Reference links