802.11u ============ .. panels:: :container: container pb-4 :column: col-lg-12 p-2 :card: shadow .. panels:: :container: container pb-4 :column: col-lg-12 p-2 :card: shadow **What is IEEE 802.11u?** IEEE 802.11u is an amendment to the Wi-Fi standard that enables interworking with external networks and improves network discovery and selection. .. panels:: :container: container pb-4 :column: col-lg-12 p-2 :card: shadow **When was 802.11u introduced?** It was ratified in 2011 to enhance seamless roaming and network selection for Wi-Fi clients. .. panels:: :container: container pb-4 :column: col-lg-12 p-2 :card: shadow **What problem does 802.11u solve?** It facilitates better integration between Wi-Fi and cellular networks, enabling automatic network discovery, selection, and connection. .. panels:: :container: container pb-4 :column: col-lg-12 p-2 :card: shadow **How does 802.11u improve network discovery?** It provides mechanisms for access points to advertise information about network capabilities, roaming agreements, and available services before association. .. panels:: :container: container pb-4 :column: col-lg-12 p-2 :card: shadow **What is Access Network Query Protocol (ANQP)?** ANQP is a feature introduced in 802.11u that allows clients to query APs for detailed network information before connecting. .. panels:: :container: container pb-4 :column: col-lg-12 p-2 :card: shadow **Does 802.11u support Hotspot 2.0?** Yes, 802.11u is a foundational standard for Hotspot 2.0, which enables seamless Wi-Fi roaming and authentication similar to cellular networks. .. panels:: :container: container pb-4 :column: col-lg-12 p-2 :card: shadow **How does 802.11u help with seamless roaming?** By enabling pre-association querying of network info and supporting automatic network selection, it facilitates smoother transitions between Wi-Fi networks. .. panels:: :container: container pb-4 :column: col-lg-12 p-2 :card: shadow **Which OSI layer does 802.11u operate on?** It operates primarily at the Data Link Layer (Layer 2), enhancing MAC layer functions for network discovery and selection. .. panels:: :container: container pb-4 :column: col-lg-12 p-2 :card: shadow **Is 802.11u backward compatible?** Yes, devices and networks without 802.11u support can still operate normally, but without the enhanced interworking features. .. panels:: :container: container pb-4 :column: col-lg-12 p-2 :card: shadow **What kind of information can ANQP provide?** ANQP can provide info about roaming consortiums, network authentication methods, IP address types, and more. .. panels:: :container: container pb-4 :column: col-lg-12 p-2 :card: shadow **Does 802.11u improve security?** It does not directly enhance encryption but supports better network selection to avoid insecure networks. .. panels:: :container: container pb-4 :column: col-lg-12 p-2 :card: shadow **How does 802.11u relate to cellular networks?** It enables Wi-Fi networks to advertise roaming agreements and facilitates offloading traffic from cellular to Wi-Fi. .. panels:: :container: container pb-4 :column: col-lg-12 p-2 :card: shadow **Can 802.11u be used in enterprise networks?** Yes, enterprises can use 802.11u features to provide seamless guest access and network selection. .. panels:: :container: container pb-4 :column: col-lg-12 p-2 :card: shadow **Is 802.11u required for Hotspot 2.0?** Yes, Hotspot 2.0 depends on 802.11u for its network discovery and roaming capabilities. .. panels:: :container: container pb-4 :column: col-lg-12 p-2 :card: shadow **What devices support 802.11u?** Modern smartphones, tablets, and Wi-Fi access points supporting Hotspot 2.0 usually implement 802.11u. .. panels:: :container: container pb-4 :column: col-lg-12 p-2 :card: shadow **Does 802.11u impact battery life?** It can reduce power consumption by allowing devices to select optimal networks quickly. .. panels:: :container: container pb-4 :column: col-lg-12 p-2 :card: shadow **How does 802.11u improve user experience?** By enabling automatic network selection and seamless roaming, it provides faster, more reliable Wi-Fi connections. .. panels:: :container: container pb-4 :column: col-lg-12 p-2 :card: shadow **Is 802.11u widely adopted?** Adoption is growing, especially in public hotspots and cellular offloading scenarios, often as part of Hotspot 2.0. .. panels:: :container: container pb-4 :column: col-lg-12 p-2 :card: shadow Topics in this section, * :ref:`Learnings in this section <802_11u_step1>` * :ref:`Terminology <802_11u_step2>` * :ref:`Version Info <802_11u_step3>` * :ref:`802_11u Version&IEEE Details <802_11u_step4>` * :ref:`802_11u Basic Setup on Ubuntu using IPv4 <802_11u_step5>` * :ref:`802_11u Basic Setup on Ubuntu using IPv6 <802_11u_step6>` * :ref:`802_11u List of MAC features <802_11u_step7>` * :ref:`802_11u Medium Access Functions and their inner working <802_11u_step8>` * :ref:`802_11u Supported Frequency Bands in 802.11u <802_11u_step9>` * :ref:`802_11u List of Physical Features <802_11u_step10>` * :ref:`802_11u Power Saving Mechanisms in IEEE 802.11u <802_11u_step11>` * :ref:`802_11u Interoperability Mechanisms in IEEE 802.11u <802_11u_step12>` * :ref:`802_11u End-User Products that support 802.11u <802_11u_step13>` * :ref:`802_11u Protocol Packet Details <802_11u_step14>` * :ref:`802_11u Basic Features <802_11u_step15>` * :ref:`Reference links <802_11u_step16>` .. _802_11u_step1: .. tab-set:: .. tab-item:: Learnings in this section * In this section, you are going to learn .. _802_11u_step2: .. tab-set:: .. tab-item:: Terminology * Terminology .. _802_11u_step3: .. tab-set:: .. tab-item:: Version Info * Version Info .. _802_11u_step4: .. tab-set:: .. tab-item:: 802.11u Version&RFC Details * rfc details .. _802_11u_step5: .. tab-set:: .. tab-item:: 802.11u Basic Setup on Ubuntu using IPv4 * setup .. _802_11u_step6: .. tab-set:: .. tab-item:: 802.11u Basic Setup on Ubuntu using IPv6 * setup .. _802_11u_step7: .. tab-set:: .. tab-item:: 802.11u List of MAC features * mac features .. _802_11u_step8: .. tab-set:: .. tab-item:: 802.11u Medium Access Functions and their inner working * Medium Access Functions and their inner working .. _802_11u_step9: .. tab-set:: .. tab-item:: Supported Frequency Bands in 802.11u * Supported Frequency Bands in 802.11u .. _802_11u_step10: .. tab-set:: .. tab-item:: 802.11u List of Physical Features * List of Physical Features .. _802_11u_step11: .. tab-set:: .. tab-item:: Power Saving Mechanisms in IEEE 802.11u * Power Saving Mechanisms in IEEE 802.11u .. _802_11u_step12: .. tab-set:: .. tab-item:: Interoperability Mechanisms in IEEE 802.11u * Interoperability Mechanisms in IEEE 802.11u .. _802_11u_step13: .. tab-set:: .. tab-item:: End-User Products that support 802.11u * End-User Products that support 802.11u .. _802_11u_step14: .. tab-set:: .. tab-item:: Protocol Packet Details in 802.11u * Protocol Packet Details .. _802_11u_step15: .. tab-set:: .. tab-item:: Basic Features * Basic Features .. _802_11u_step16: .. tab-set:: .. tab-item:: Reference links * Reference links