WIFI =============== .. toctree:: :maxdepth: 1 :hidden: :includehidden: 802_11a 802_11ac 802_11ad 802_11ae 802_11ag 802_11an 802_11aq 802_11ax 802_11ay 802_11b 802_11be 802_11e 802_11g 802_11i 802_11n 802_11u 802_11w Wi-Fi protocols define wireless communication standards that govern speed, frequency, and range for devices on a wireless local area network (WLAN). .. list-table:: :widths: 20 60 20 :header-rows: 1 * - Protocol - Description - Use Case * - 802.11a - Early Wi-Fi standard operating at 5 GHz with up to 54 Mbps data rates. *Suitable for interference-free, high-speed WLANs in enterprise and campus environments.* - High-speed 5 GHz WLANs, enterprise networks * - 802.11ac - Provides high-throughput WLANs in 5 GHz band with MU-MIMO and wider channels up to 1.3 Gbps. *Ideal for high-density environments with bandwidth-heavy applications.* - High-speed video streaming, dense Wi-Fi deployments * - 802.11ad - Uses 60 GHz band for multi-gigabit speeds over short distances with beamforming. *Perfect for ultra-high-speed, short-range data transfers.* - Wireless docking, VR, fast data sync in-room * - 802.11ae - Prioritizes management frames with QoS enhancements for reliable control traffic delivery. *Enhances performance in dense networks with real-time apps.* - QoS for management frames, real-time apps, dense networks * - 802.11ag - Combines 802.11a (5 GHz) and 802.11g (2.4 GHz) features for improved interoperability. *Useful for mixed 2.4/5 GHz deployments.* - Dual-band support, backward compatibility environments * - 802.11an - Similar to 802.11n but optimized for the 5 GHz band to increase throughput and reduce interference. *High-speed 5 GHz WLANs with improved range and reliability.* - High-throughput 5 GHz WLANs * - 802.11aq - Enhances discovery and querying of available services over Wi-Fi networks. *Improves user experience for service browsing and network selection.* - Service discovery, network information querying * - 802.11ax - Next-gen Wi-Fi (Wi-Fi 6) with OFDMA, MU-MIMO, and improved efficiency for dense networks. *Optimized for crowded environments with multiple connected devices.* - High-density deployments, IoT, smart homes, enterprises * - 802.11ay - Builds on 802.11ad with higher throughput and longer range at 60 GHz using MIMO. *Advanced short-range multi-gigabit wireless links.* - VR/AR, wireless backhaul, ultra-fast indoor networking * - 802.11b - One of the first Wi-Fi standards operating at 2.4 GHz with up to 11 Mbps. *Basic wireless connectivity with broad compatibility.* - Legacy wireless LANs, low bandwidth devices * - 802.11be - Upcoming Wi-Fi 7 standard promising extremely high throughput with multi-link operation. *Future-proof, ultra-high-speed, low latency networks.* - Next-gen enterprise, gaming, AR/VR applications * - 802.11e - Adds QoS features for prioritizing different traffic types in Wi-Fi networks. *Supports voice, video, and time-sensitive data transmission.* - Multimedia streaming, VoIP, gaming * - 802.11g - Operates at 2.4 GHz with up to 54 Mbps, backward compatible with 802.11b. *Popular for home and small office wireless networking.* - General-purpose WLANs, home and SOHO * - 802.11i - Security enhancement standard introducing WPA2 with AES encryption. *Provides robust wireless network security.* - Secure Wi-Fi authentication and encryption * - 802.11n - Introduced MIMO technology with data rates up to 600 Mbps on 2.4 and 5 GHz bands. *High-throughput WLANs for homes and enterprises.* - High-speed home and office WLANs * - 802.11u - Enables interworking with external networks and improved network discovery. *Facilitates seamless roaming and public hotspot access.* - Hotspot 2.0, carrier Wi-Fi, roaming * - 802.11w - Protects management frames by adding cryptographic security. *Improves Wi-Fi network security against spoofing and DoS attacks.* - Secure management frame protection .. tab-set:: .. tab-item:: 802.11a (5 GHz OFDM) **IEEE Standard:** IEEE 802.11a-1999 **Main Features:** - Operates in 5 GHz frequency band using OFDM modulation - Supports data rates up to 54 Mbps - Provides less interference compared to 2.4 GHz band - Shorter range due to higher frequency but less crowded spectrum - First widely adopted high-speed Wi-Fi standard **Use Cases:** - Enterprise and campus WLANs with high throughput needs - Environments requiring reduced interference from common 2.4 GHz devices - Backhaul links and point-to-point wireless connections **Alternative or Related Protocols:** - 802.11b – Legacy 2.4 GHz standard with lower speeds - 802.11g – 2.4 GHz standard with OFDM support - 802.11n – Dual-band with MIMO support .. panels:: :container: container pb-4 :column: col-lg-12 p-2 :card: What You Will Learn in This Section **Let us learn more about 802.11a:** * :ref:`Learnings in this section <802_11a_step1>` * :ref:`Terminology <802_11a_step2>` * :ref:`Version Info <802_11a_step3>` * :ref:`802_11a Version&IEEE Details <802_11a_step4>` * :ref:`802_11a Basic Setup on Ubuntu using IPv4 <802_11a_step5>` * :ref:`802_11a Basic Setup on Ubuntu using IPv6 <802_11a_step6>` * :ref:`802_11a List of MAC features <802_11a_step7>` * :ref:`802_11a Medium Access Functions and their inner working <802_11a_step8>` * :ref:`802_11a Supported Frequency Bands in 802.11a <802_11a_step9>` * :ref:`802_11a List of Physical Features <802_11a_step10>` * :ref:`802_11a Power Saving Mechanisms in IEEE 802.11a <802_11a_step11>` * :ref:`802_11a Interoperability Mechanisms in IEEE 802.11a <802_11a_step12>` * :ref:`802_11a End-User Products that support 802.11a <802_11a_step13>` * :ref:`802_11a Protocol Packet Details <802_11a_step14>` * :ref:`802_11a Basic Features <802_11a_step15>` * :ref:`Reference links <802_11a_step16>` .. button-link:: ./802_11a.html :color: primary :shadow: :expand: Jump to "802.11a" .. tab-set:: .. tab-item:: 802.11ac (High Throughput 5 GHz) **IEEE Standard:** IEEE 802.11ac-2013 **Main Features:** - Operates in 5 GHz band with channel widths up to 160 MHz - Uses MU-MIMO and beamforming for improved throughput and efficiency - Supports data rates up to several Gbps depending on configuration - Backward compatible with 802.11a/n devices on 5 GHz band - Widely adopted in consumer routers and enterprise APs **Use Cases:** - High-definition video streaming and online gaming - Dense Wi-Fi environments like offices and stadiums - Multi-user high-throughput scenarios **Alternative or Related Protocols:** - 802.11n – Previous generation with lower max throughput - 802.11ax – Next generation with OFDMA and better efficiency - 802.11ad – 60 GHz ultra-high-speed short range .. panels:: :container: container pb-4 :column: col-lg-12 p-2 :card: What You Will Learn in This Section **Let us learn more about 802.11ac:** * :ref:`Learnings in this section <802_11ac_step1>` * :ref:`Terminology <802_11ac_step2>` * :ref:`Version Info <802_11ac_step3>` * :ref:`802_11ac Version&IEEE Details <802_11ac_step4>` * :ref:`802_11ac Basic Setup on Ubuntu using IPv4 <802_11ac_step5>` * :ref:`802_11ac Basic Setup on Ubuntu using IPv6 <802_11ac_step6>` * :ref:`802_11ac List of MAC features <802_11ac_step7>` * :ref:`802_11ac Medium Access Functions and their inner working <802_11ac_step8>` * :ref:`802_11ac Supported Frequency Bands in 802.11ac <802_11ac_step9>` * :ref:`802_11ac List of Physical Features <802_11ac_step10>` * :ref:`802_11ac Power Saving Mechanisms in IEEE 802.11ac <802_11ac_step11>` * :ref:`802_11ac Interoperability Mechanisms in IEEE 802.11ac <802_11ac_step12>` * :ref:`802_11ac End-User Products that support 802.11ac <802_11ac_step13>` * :ref:`802_11ac Protocol Packet Details <802_11ac_step14>` * :ref:`802_11ac Basic Features <802_11ac_step15>` * :ref:`Reference links <802_11ac_step16>` .. button-link:: ./802_11ac.html :color: primary :shadow: :expand: Jump to "802.11ac" .. tab-set:: .. tab-item:: 802.11ad (60 GHz High-Speed) **IEEE Standard:** IEEE 802.11ad-2012 **Main Features:** - Operates in 60 GHz millimeter wave band - Supports multi-gigabit speeds up to 7 Gbps - Uses beamforming for directional transmission - Short range (typically < 10 meters) due to high frequency attenuation - Ideal for in-room high bandwidth applications **Use Cases:** - Wireless docking stations - Virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) streaming - Ultra-fast data syncing between devices in close proximity **Alternative or Related Protocols:** - 802.11ay – Enhanced 60 GHz with MIMO and extended range - 802.11ac – 5 GHz high throughput - 802.11ax – OFDMA and dense deployments .. panels:: :container: container pb-4 :column: col-lg-12 p-2 :card: What You Will Learn in This Section **Let us learn more about 802.11ad:** * :ref:`Learnings in this section <802_11ad_step1>` * :ref:`Terminology <802_11ad_step2>` * :ref:`Version Info <802_11ad_step3>` * :ref:`802_11ad Version&IEEE Details <802_11ad_step4>` * :ref:`802_11ad Basic Setup on Ubuntu using IPv4 <802_11ad_step5>` * :ref:`802_11ad Basic Setup on Ubuntu using IPv6 <802_11ad_step6>` * :ref:`802_11ad List of MAC features <802_11ad_step7>` * :ref:`802_11ad Medium Access Functions and their inner working <802_11ad_step8>` * :ref:`802_11ad Supported Frequency Bands in 802.11ad <802_11ad_step9>` * :ref:`802_11ad List of Physical Features <802_11ad_step10>` * :ref:`802_11ad Power Saving Mechanisms in IEEE 802.11ad <802_11ad_step11>` * :ref:`802_11ad Interoperability Mechanisms in IEEE 802.11ad <802_11ad_step12>` * :ref:`802_11ad End-User Products that support 802.11ad <802_11ad_step13>` * :ref:`802_11ad Protocol Packet Details <802_11ad_step14>` * :ref:`802_11ad Basic Features <802_11ad_step15>` * :ref:`Reference links <802_11ad_step16>` .. button-link:: ./802_11ad.html :color: primary :shadow: :expand: Jump to "802.11ad" .. tab-set:: .. tab-item:: 802.11ae (QoS Management Frames) **IEEE Standard:** IEEE 802.11ae-2012 **Main Features:** - Amendment to IEEE 802.11 for prioritizing management frames - Enhances Quality of Service (QoS) specifically for control and management traffic - Allows for differentiated handling of critical management frames (e.g., association, authentication) - Reduces contention and delays in dense network environments - Supports better performance in real-time applications - Integrates with existing Wi-Fi QoS mechanisms like WMM (Wi-Fi Multimedia) **Use Cases:** - Real-time applications requiring timely management frame delivery (e.g., VoIP, video conferencing) - Dense environments with many clients competing for airtime - Improved roaming performance with prioritized reassociation frames - Enterprise Wi-Fi networks with mission-critical wireless infrastructure **Alternative or Related Protocols:** - 802.11e – Adds general QoS support for data frames - 802.11k – For radio resource management and efficient roaming - 802.11r – Fast BSS transition for seamless roaming - WMM – Wi-Fi Multimedia, a QoS system based on 802.11e - 802.11ax – Includes improved QoS scheduling with OFDMA .. panels:: :container: container pb-4 :column: col-lg-12 p-2 :card: What You Will Learn in This Section **Let us learn more about 802.11ae:** * :ref:`Learnings in this section <802_11ae_step1>` * :ref:`Terminology <802_11ae_step2>` * :ref:`Version Info <802_11ae_step3>` * :ref:`802_11ae Version&IEEE Details <802_11ae_step4>` * :ref:`802_11ae Basic Setup on Ubuntu using IPv4 <802_11ae_step5>` * :ref:`802_11ae Basic Setup on Ubuntu using IPv6 <802_11ae_step6>` * :ref:`802_11ae List of MAC features <802_11ae_step7>` * :ref:`802_11ae Medium Access Functions and their inner working <802_11ae_step8>` * :ref:`802_11ae Supported Frequency Bands in 802.11ae <802_11ae_step9>` * :ref:`802_11ae List of Physical Features <802_11ae_step10>` * :ref:`802_11ae Power Saving Mechanisms in IEEE 802.11ae <802_11ae_step11>` * :ref:`802_11ae Interoperability Mechanisms in IEEE 802.11ae <802_11ae_step12>` * :ref:`802_11ae End-User Products that support 802.11ae <802_11ae_step13>` * :ref:`802_11ae Protocol Packet Details <802_11ae_step14>` * :ref:`802_11ae Basic Features <802_11ae_step15>` * :ref:`Reference links <802_11ae_step16>` .. button-link:: ./802.11ae.html :color: primary :shadow: :expand: Jump to "802.11ae" .. tab-set:: .. tab-item:: 802.11ag (Dual-Band Combination) **IEEE Standard:** IEEE 802.11ag (informal name) **Main Features:** - Combines 802.11a (5 GHz) and 802.11g (2.4 GHz) features - Supports OFDM modulation in both frequency bands - Enables dual-band wireless operation for better compatibility - Allows devices to switch between bands to reduce interference **Use Cases:** - Environments requiring backward compatibility and flexibility - Networks using both 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands - Mixed-device home and enterprise networks **Alternative or Related Protocols:** - 802.11a – 5 GHz band only - 802.11g – 2.4 GHz band only - 802.11n – Dual-band with MIMO .. panels:: :container: container pb-4 :column: col-lg-12 p-2 :card: What You Will Learn in This Section **Let us learn more about 802.11ag:** * :ref:`Learnings in this section <802_11ag_step1>` * :ref:`Terminology <802_11ag_step2>` * :ref:`Version Info <802_11ag_step3>` * :ref:`802_11ag Version&IEEE Details <802_11ag_step4>` * :ref:`802_11ag Basic Setup on Ubuntu using IPv4 <802_11ag_step5>` * :ref:`802_11ag Basic Setup on Ubuntu using IPv6 <802_11ag_step6>` * :ref:`802_11ag List of MAC features <802_11ag_step7>` * :ref:`802_11ag Medium Access Functions and their inner working <802_11ag_step8>` * :ref:`802_11ag Supported Frequency Bands in 802.11ag <802_11ag_step9>` * :ref:`802_11ag List of Physical Features <802_11ag_step10>` * :ref:`802_11ag Power Saving Mechanisms in IEEE 802.11ag <802_11ag_step11>` * :ref:`802_11ag Interoperability Mechanisms in IEEE 802.11ag <802_11ag_step12>` * :ref:`802_11ag End-User Products that support 802.11ag <802_11ag_step13>` * :ref:`802_11ag Protocol Packet Details <802_11ag_step14>` * :ref:`802_11ag Basic Features <802_11ag_step15>` * :ref:`Reference links <802_11ag_step16>` .. button-link:: ./802_11ag.html :color: primary :shadow: :expand: Jump to "802.11ag" .. tab-set:: .. tab-item:: 802.11an (5 GHz High Throughput) **IEEE Standard:** IEEE 802.11an (informal name) **Main Features:** - Extension of 802.11n optimized for the 5 GHz band - Supports MIMO technology and channel bonding - Provides higher throughput and less interference than 2.4 GHz - Backward compatible with 802.11a **Use Cases:** - High-speed enterprise WLANs requiring 5 GHz operation - Reduced interference zones with better throughput - Enterprise and campus networks **Alternative or Related Protocols:** - 802.11n – Dual-band support with MIMO - 802.11ac – Advanced 5 GHz standard - 802.11a – Legacy 5 GHz standard .. panels:: :container: container pb-4 :column: col-lg-12 p-2 :card: What You Will Learn in This Section **Let us learn more about 802.11an:** * :ref:`Learnings in this section <802_11an_step1>` * :ref:`Terminology <802_11an_step2>` * :ref:`Version Info <802_11an_step3>` * :ref:`802_11an Version&IEEE Details <802_11an_step4>` * :ref:`802_11an Basic Setup on Ubuntu using IPv4 <802_11an_step5>` * :ref:`802_11an Basic Setup on Ubuntu using IPv6 <802_11an_step6>` * :ref:`802_11an List of MAC features <802_11an_step7>` * :ref:`802_11an Medium Access Functions and their inner working <802_11an_step8>` * :ref:`802_11an Supported Frequency Bands in 802.11an <802_11an_step9>` * :ref:`802_11an List of Physical Features <802_11an_step10>` * :ref:`802_11an Power Saving Mechanisms in IEEE 802.11an <802_11an_step11>` * :ref:`802_11an Interoperability Mechanisms in IEEE 802.11an <802_11an_step12>` * :ref:`802_11an End-User Products that support 802.11an <802_11an_step13>` * :ref:`802_11an Protocol Packet Details <802_11an_step14>` * :ref:`802_11an Basic Features <802_11an_step15>` * :ref:`Reference links <802_11an_step16>` .. button-link:: ./802_11an.html :color: primary :shadow: :expand: Jump to "802.11an" .. tab-set:: .. tab-item:: 802.11aq (Pre-Association Service Discovery) **IEEE Standard:** IEEE 802.11aq-2018 **Main Features:** - Enhances Wi-Fi with pre-association service discovery capabilities - Allows devices to query networks about available services before association - Improves user experience by enabling better network selection - Supports advertisements of network capabilities and services **Use Cases:** - Public hotspots and enterprise networks offering differentiated services - Seamless connectivity and service discovery in heterogeneous networks - IoT environments requiring service awareness before connection **Alternative or Related Protocols:** - 802.11u – Network discovery and interworking - Hotspot 2.0 – Seamless roaming and service discovery - mDNS/DNS-SD – Service discovery protocols .. panels:: :container: container pb-4 :column: col-lg-12 p-2 :card: What You Will Learn in This Section **Let us learn more about 802.11aq:** * :ref:`Learnings in this section <802_11aq_step1>` * :ref:`Terminology <802_11aq_step2>` * :ref:`Version Info <802_11aq_step3>` * :ref:`802_11aq Version&IEEE Details <802_11aq_step4>` * :ref:`802_11aq Basic Setup on Ubuntu using IPv4 <802_11aq_step5>` * :ref:`802_11aq Basic Setup on Ubuntu using IPv6 <802_11aq_step6>` * :ref:`802_11aq List of MAC features <802_11aq_step7>` * :ref:`802_11aq Medium Access Functions and their inner working <802_11aq_step8>` * :ref:`802_11aq Supported Frequency Bands in 802.11aq <802_11aq_step9>` * :ref:`802_11aq List of Physical Features <802_11aq_step10>` * :ref:`802_11aq Power Saving Mechanisms in IEEE 802.11aq <802_11aq_step11>` * :ref:`802_11aq Interoperability Mechanisms in IEEE 802.11aq <802_11aq_step12>` * :ref:`802_11aq End-User Products that support 802.11aq <802_11aq_step13>` * :ref:`802_11aq Protocol Packet Details <802_11aq_step14>` * :ref:`802_11aq Basic Features <802_11aq_step15>` * :ref:`Reference links <802_11aq_step16>` .. button-link:: ./802_11aq.html :color: primary :shadow: :expand: Jump to "802.11aq" .. tab-set:: .. tab-item:: 802.11ax (Wi-Fi 6) **IEEE Standard:** IEEE 802.11ax-2021 **Main Features:** - Operates on both 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz (and 6 GHz in Wi-Fi 6E) - Uses OFDMA and uplink/downlink MU-MIMO for high efficiency - Supports BSS Coloring to reduce interference in dense deployments - Improves battery life with Target Wake Time (TWT) - Offers higher throughput and lower latency in crowded environments **Use Cases:** - High-density environments: stadiums, airports, enterprises - IoT networks with many connected devices - Streaming 4K/8K video, gaming, and real-time applications **Alternative or Related Protocols:** - 802.11ac – Previous generation high throughput - 802.11be – Next-gen Wi-Fi 7 - 802.11ax-6E – Extended 6 GHz spectrum support .. panels:: :container: container pb-4 :column: col-lg-12 p-2 :card: What You Will Learn in This Section **Let us learn more about 802.11ax:** * :ref:`Learnings in this section <802_11ax_step1>` * :ref:`Terminology <802_11ax_step2>` * :ref:`Version Info <802_11ax_step3>` * :ref:`802_11ax Version&IEEE Details <802_11ax_step4>` * :ref:`802_11ax Basic Setup on Ubuntu using IPv4 <802_11ax_step5>` * :ref:`802_11ax Basic Setup on Ubuntu using IPv6 <802_11ax_step6>` * :ref:`802_11ax List of MAC features <802_11ax_step7>` * :ref:`802_11ax Medium Access Functions and their inner working <802_11ax_step8>` * :ref:`802_11ax Supported Frequency Bands in 802.11ax <802_11ax_step9>` * :ref:`802_11ax List of Physical Features <802_11ax_step10>` * :ref:`802_11ax Power Saving Mechanisms in IEEE 802.11ax <802_11ax_step11>` * :ref:`802_11ax Interoperability Mechanisms in IEEE 802.11ax <802_11ax_step12>` * :ref:`802_11ax End-User Products that support 802.11ax <802_11ax_step13>` * :ref:`802_11ax Protocol Packet Details <802_11ax_step14>` * :ref:`802_11ax Basic Features <802_11ax_step15>` * :ref:`Reference links <802_11ax_step16>` .. button-link:: ./802_11ax.html :color: primary :shadow: :expand: Jump to "802.11ax" .. tab-set:: .. tab-item:: 802.11ay (Enhanced 60 GHz) **IEEE Standard:** IEEE 802.11ay-2021 **Main Features:** - Builds upon 802.11ad with MIMO and channel bonding at 60 GHz - Supports throughput up to 100 Gbps with improved range and reliability - Uses beamforming and directional antennas for efficient communication - Suitable for multi-gigabit wireless links and backhaul **Use Cases:** - Wireless VR/AR applications requiring ultra-high speed - Wireless backhaul for 5G and enterprise networks - High-speed indoor data transfers over short to medium range **Alternative or Related Protocols:** - 802.11ad – Predecessor with single-stream 60 GHz - 802.11ax – High-efficiency Wi-Fi in lower bands - 802.11be – Future ultra-high throughput Wi-Fi .. panels:: :container: container pb-4 :column: col-lg-12 p-2 :card: What You Will Learn in This Section **Let us learn more about 802.11ay:** * :ref:`Learnings in this section <802_11ay_step1>` * :ref:`Terminology <802_11ay_step2>` * :ref:`Version Info <802_11ay_step3>` * :ref:`802_11ay Version&IEEE Details <802_11ay_step4>` * :ref:`802_11ay Basic Setup on Ubuntu using IPv4 <802_11ay_step5>` * :ref:`802_11ay Basic Setup on Ubuntu using IPv6 <802_11ay_step6>` * :ref:`802_11ay List of MAC features <802_11ay_step7>` * :ref:`802_11ay Medium Access Functions and their inner working <802_11ay_step8>` * :ref:`802_11ay Supported Frequency Bands in 802.11an <802_11ay_step9>` * :ref:`802_11ay List of Physical Features <802_11ay_step10>` * :ref:`802_11ay Power Saving Mechanisms in IEEE 802.11an <802_11ay_step11>` * :ref:`802_11ay Interoperability Mechanisms in IEEE 802.11an <802_11ay_step12>` * :ref:`802_11ay End-User Products that support 802.11an <802_11ay_step13>` * :ref:`802_11ay Protocol Packet Details <802_11ay_step14>` * :ref:`802_11ay Basic Features <802_11ay_step15>` * :ref:`Reference links <802_11ay_step16>` .. button-link:: ./802_11ay.html :color: primary :shadow: :expand: Jump to "802.11ay" .. tab-set:: .. tab-item:: 802.11b (Legacy 2.4 GHz) **IEEE Standard:** IEEE 802.11b-1999 **Main Features:** - Operates in 2.4 GHz band with DSSS modulation - Supports data rates up to 11 Mbps - Widely adopted early Wi-Fi standard with broad device support - Susceptible to interference from other 2.4 GHz devices **Use Cases:** - Basic wireless internet access - Legacy devices and networks - Low bandwidth IoT devices **Alternative or Related Protocols:** - 802.11g – Higher throughput in 2.4 GHz - 802.11n – MIMO and dual-band support - Bluetooth – 2.4 GHz short-range communication .. panels:: :container: container pb-4 :column: col-lg-12 p-2 :card: What You Will Learn in This Section **Let us learn more about 802.11b:** * :ref:`Learnings in this section <802_11b_step1>` * :ref:`Terminology <802_11b_step2>` * :ref:`Version Info <802_11b_step3>` * :ref:`802_11b Version&IEEE Details <802_11b_step4>` * :ref:`802_11b Basic Setup on Ubuntu using IPv4 <802_11b_step5>` * :ref:`802_11b Basic Setup on Ubuntu using IPv6 <802_11b_step6>` * :ref:`802_11b List of MAC features <802_11b_step7>` * :ref:`802_11b Medium Access Functions and their inner working <802_11b_step8>` * :ref:`802_11b Supported Frequency Bands in 802.11b <802_11b_step9>` * :ref:`802_11b List of Physical Features <802_11b_step10>` * :ref:`802_11b Power Saving Mechanisms in IEEE 802.11b <802_11b_step11>` * :ref:`802_11b Interoperability Mechanisms in IEEE 802.11b <802_11b_step12>` * :ref:`802_11b End-User Products that support 802.11b <802_11b_step13>` * :ref:`802_11b Protocol Packet Details <802_11b_step14>` * :ref:`802_11b Basic Features <802_11b_step15>` * :ref:`Reference links <802_11b_step16>` .. button-link:: ./802_11b.html :color: primary :shadow: :expand: Jump to "802.11b" .. tab-set:: .. tab-item:: 802.11be (Wi-Fi 7) **IEEE Standard:** Draft IEEE 802.11be (Expected ~2024) **Main Features:** - Enhances 802.11ax with wider channels up to 320 MHz - Supports 16 spatial streams and multi-link operation - Provides throughput targets >30 Gbps - Incorporates improved OFDMA and MIMO technologies - Aims for ultra-low latency and high reliability **Use Cases:** - Next-gen AR/VR and immersive multimedia - Industrial automation and real-time control - Multi-gigabit home and enterprise networks **Alternative or Related Protocols:** - 802.11ax – Wi-Fi 6 base standard - 802.11ay – 60 GHz ultra-high throughput - 5G NR – Cellular ultra-reliable low-latency comm .. panels:: :container: container pb-4 :column: col-lg-12 p-2 :card: What You Will Learn in This Section **Let us learn more about 802.11be:** * :ref:`Learnings in this section <802_11be_step1>` * :ref:`Terminology <802_11be_step2>` * :ref:`Version Info <802_11be_step3>` * :ref:`802_11be Version&IEEE Details <802_11be_step4>` * :ref:`802_11be Basic Setup on Ubuntu using IPv4 <802_11be_step5>` * :ref:`802_11be Basic Setup on Ubuntu using IPv6 <802_11be_step6>` * :ref:`802_11be List of MAC features <802_11be_step7>` * :ref:`802_11be Medium Access Functions and their inner working <802_11be_step8>` * :ref:`802_11be Supported Frequency Bands in 802.11be <802_11be_step9>` * :ref:`802_11be List of Physical Features <802_11be_step10>` * :ref:`802_11be Power Saving Mechanisms in IEEE 802.11be <802_11be_step11>` * :ref:`802_11be Interoperability Mechanisms in IEEE 802.11be <802_11be_step12>` * :ref:`802_11be End-User Products that support 802.11be <802_11be_step13>` * :ref:`802_11be Protocol Packet Details <802_11be_step14>` * :ref:`802_11be Basic Features <802_11be_step15>` * :ref:`Reference links <802_11be_step16>` .. button-link:: ./802_11be.html :color: primary :shadow: :expand: Jump to "802.11be" .. tab-set:: .. tab-item:: 802.11e (QoS Enhancements) **IEEE Standard:** IEEE 802.11e-2005 **Main Features:** - Adds Quality of Service (QoS) support to Wi-Fi data frames - Introduces Enhanced Distributed Channel Access (EDCA) and HCF - Supports traffic differentiation for voice, video, best effort, and background - Foundation for Wi-Fi Multimedia (WMM) **Use Cases:** - Voice over Wi-Fi (VoWiFi) and video conferencing - Multimedia streaming with prioritized traffic - Enterprise WLANs requiring traffic management **Alternative or Related Protocols:** - 802.11ae – QoS for management frames - WMM – Wi-Fi Multimedia QoS system - 802.11ax – Advanced QoS features .. panels:: :container: container pb-4 :column: col-lg-12 p-2 :card: What You Will Learn in This Section **Let us learn more about 802.11e:** * :ref:`Learnings in this section <802_11e_step1>` * :ref:`Terminology <802_11e_step2>` * :ref:`Version Info <802_11e_step3>` * :ref:`802_11e Version&IEEE Details <802_11e_step4>` * :ref:`802_11e Basic Setup on Ubuntu using IPv4 <802_11e_step5>` * :ref:`802_11e Basic Setup on Ubuntu using IPv6 <802_11e_step6>` * :ref:`802_11e List of MAC features <802_11e_step7>` * :ref:`802_11e Medium Access Functions and their inner working <802_11e_step8>` * :ref:`802_11e Supported Frequency Bands in 802.11e <802_11e_step9>` * :ref:`802_11e List of Physical Features <802_11e_step10>` * :ref:`802_11e Power Saving Mechanisms in IEEE 802.11e <802_11e_step11>` * :ref:`802_11e Interoperability Mechanisms in IEEE 802.11e <802_11e_step12>` * :ref:`802_11e End-User Products that support 802.11e <802_11e_step13>` * :ref:`802_11e Protocol Packet Details <802_11e_step14>` * :ref:`802_11e Basic Features <802_11e_step15>` * :ref:`Reference links <802_11e_step16>` .. button-link:: ./802_11e.html :color: primary :shadow: :expand: Jump to "802.11e" .. tab-set:: .. tab-item:: 802.11g (2.4 GHz OFDM) **IEEE Standard:** IEEE 802.11g-2003 **Main Features:** - Operates in 2.4 GHz band using OFDM modulation - Supports data rates up to 54 Mbps - Backward compatible with 802.11b devices - Provides higher throughput in the crowded 2.4 GHz band **Use Cases:** - Home and office WLANs requiring better throughput on 2.4 GHz - Legacy device support in mixed networks - Basic multimedia streaming and internet access **Alternative or Related Protocols:** - 802.11b – Legacy DSSS 2.4 GHz standard - 802.11n – Dual-band and MIMO support - 802.11ax – Next-generation Wi-Fi .. panels:: :container: container pb-4 :column: col-lg-12 p-2 :card: What You Will Learn in This Section **Let us learn more about 802.11g:** * :ref:`Learnings in this section <802_11g_step1>` * :ref:`Terminology <802_11g_step2>` * :ref:`Version Info <802_11g_step3>` * :ref:`802_11g Version&IEEE Details <802_11g_step4>` * :ref:`802_11g Basic Setup on Ubuntu using IPv4 <802_11g_step5>` * :ref:`802_11g Basic Setup on Ubuntu using IPv6 <802_11g_step6>` * :ref:`802_11g List of MAC features <802_11g_step7>` * :ref:`802_11g Medium Access Functions and their inner working <802_11g_step8>` * :ref:`802_11g Supported Frequency Bands in 802.11g <802_11g_step9>` * :ref:`802_11g List of Physical Features <802_11g_step10>` * :ref:`802_11g Power Saving Mechanisms in IEEE 802.11g <802_11g_step11>` * :ref:`802_11g Interoperability Mechanisms in IEEE 802.11g <802_11g_step12>` * :ref:`802_11g End-User Products that support 802.11g <802_11g_step13>` * :ref:`802_11g Protocol Packet Details <802_11g_step14>` * :ref:`802_11g Basic Features <802_11g_step15>` * :ref:`Reference links <802_11g_step16>` .. button-link:: ./802_11g.html :color: primary :shadow: :expand: Jump to "802.11g" .. tab-set:: .. tab-item:: 802.11i (Security Enhancements) **IEEE Standard:** IEEE 802.11i-2004 **Main Features:** - Enhances Wi-Fi security with robust encryption (WPA2) - Introduces AES-CCMP for data confidentiality and integrity - Provides mutual authentication with 802.1X/EAP - Protects management frames (802.11w integration) **Use Cases:** - Enterprise and secure Wi-Fi networks - Protection against unauthorized access and eavesdropping - Government and mission-critical wireless deployments **Alternative or Related Protocols:** - 802.11w – Management frame protection - WPA3 – Latest Wi-Fi security standard - 802.1X – Network authentication framework .. panels:: :container: container pb-4 :column: col-lg-12 p-2 :card: What You Will Learn in This Section **Let us learn more about 802.11i:** * :ref:`Learnings in this section <802_11i_step1>` * :ref:`Terminology <802_11i_step2>` * :ref:`Version Info <802_11i_step3>` * :ref:`802_11i Version&IEEE Details <802_11i_step4>` * :ref:`802_11i Basic Setup on Ubuntu using IPv4 <802_11i_step5>` * :ref:`802_11i Basic Setup on Ubuntu using IPv6 <802_11i_step6>` * :ref:`802_11i List of MAC features <802_11i_step7>` * :ref:`802_11i Medium Access Functions and their inner working <802_11i_step8>` * :ref:`802_11i Supported Frequency Bands in 802.11i <802_11i_step9>` * :ref:`802_11i List of Physical Features <802_11i_step10>` * :ref:`802_11i Power Saving Mechanisms in IEEE 802.11i <802_11i_step11>` * :ref:`802_11i Interoperability Mechanisms in IEEE 802.11i <802_11i_step12>` * :ref:`802_11i End-User Products that support 802.11i <802_11i_step13>` * :ref:`802_11i Protocol Packet Details <802_11i_step14>` * :ref:`802_11i Basic Features <802_11i_step15>` * :ref:`Reference links <802_11i_step16>` .. button-link:: ./802.11i.html :color: primary :shadow: :expand: Jump to "802.11i" .. tab-set:: .. tab-item:: 802.11n (High Throughput) **IEEE Standard:** IEEE 802.11n-2009 **Main Features:** - Operates on 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands - Introduces MIMO technology and channel bonding (up to 40 MHz) - Supports data rates up to 600 Mbps - Backward compatible with 802.11a/b/g **Use Cases:** - Home and enterprise Wi-Fi networks requiring high throughput - Streaming HD video and gaming - Mixed device environments needing dual-band support **Alternative or Related Protocols:** - 802.11ac – Advanced 5 GHz throughput - 802.11ax – Efficiency and dense environments - 802.11g – Legacy 2.4 GHz support .. panels:: :container: container pb-4 :column: col-lg-12 p-2 :card: What You Will Learn in This Section **Let us learn more about 802.11n:** * :ref:`Learnings in this section <802_11n_step1>` * :ref:`Terminology <802_11n_step2>` * :ref:`Version Info <802_11n_step3>` * :ref:`802_11n Version&IEEE Details <802_11n_step4>` * :ref:`802_11n Basic Setup on Ubuntu using IPv4 <802_11n_step5>` * :ref:`802_11n Basic Setup on Ubuntu using IPv6 <802_11n_step6>` * :ref:`802_11n List of MAC features <802_11n_step7>` * :ref:`802_11n Medium Access Functions and their inner working <802_11n_step8>` * :ref:`802_11n Supported Frequency Bands in 802.11n <802_11n_step9>` * :ref:`802_11n List of Physical Features <802_11n_step10>` * :ref:`802_11n Power Saving Mechanisms in IEEE 802.11n <802_11n_step11>` * :ref:`802_11n Interoperability Mechanisms in IEEE 802.11n <802_11n_step12>` * :ref:`802_11n End-User Products that support 802.11n <802_11n_step13>` * :ref:`802_11n Protocol Packet Details <802_11n_step14>` * :ref:`802_11n Basic Features <802_11n_step15>` * :ref:`Reference links <802_11n_step16>` .. button-link:: ./802_11n.html :color: primary :shadow: :expand: Jump to "802.11n" .. tab-set:: .. tab-item:: 802.11u (Interworking with External Networks) **IEEE Standard:** IEEE 802.11u-2011 **Main Features:** - Provides mechanisms for interworking with external networks like cellular - Supports network discovery and selection before association - Enables seamless handoff between Wi-Fi and cellular/mobile networks - Supports Hotspot 2.0/Passpoint features for secure and automatic access **Use Cases:** - Public Wi-Fi hotspots with roaming agreements - Seamless user experience switching between cellular and Wi-Fi - Carrier-grade Wi-Fi deployments **Alternative or Related Protocols:** - Hotspot 2.0 – Built on 802.11u for automatic secure access - 802.11aq – Pre-association service discovery - 802.1X – Network authentication framework .. panels:: :container: container pb-4 :column: col-lg-12 p-2 :card: What You Will Learn in This Section **Let us learn more about 802.11u:** * :ref:`Learnings in this section <802_11u_step1>` * :ref:`Terminology <802_11u_step2>` * :ref:`Version Info <802_11u_step3>` * :ref:`802_11u Version&IEEE Details <802_11u_step4>` * :ref:`802_11u Basic Setup on Ubuntu using IPv4 <802_11u_step5>` * :ref:`802_11u Basic Setup on Ubuntu using IPv6 <802_11u_step6>` * :ref:`802_11u List of MAC features <802_11u_step7>` * :ref:`802_11u Medium Access Functions and their inner working <802_11u_step8>` * :ref:`802_11u Supported Frequency Bands in 802.11u <802_11u_step9>` * :ref:`802_11u List of Physical Features <802_11u_step10>` * :ref:`802_11u Power Saving Mechanisms in IEEE 802.11u <802_11u_step11>` * :ref:`802_11u Interoperability Mechanisms in IEEE 802.11u <802_11u_step12>` * :ref:`802_11u End-User Products that support 802.11u <802_11u_step13>` * :ref:`802_11u Protocol Packet Details <802_11u_step14>` * :ref:`802_11u Basic Features <802_11u_step15>` * :ref:`Reference links <802_11u_step16>` .. button-link:: ./802_11u.html :color: primary :shadow: :expand: Jump to "802.11u" .. tab-set:: .. tab-item:: 802.11w (Management Frame Protection) **IEEE Standard:** IEEE 802.11w-2009 **Main Features:** - Provides protection for management frames against spoofing and forgery - Uses encryption and authentication for management frame types - Enhances overall Wi-Fi security posture - Works alongside 802.11i and WPA2 security mechanisms **Use Cases:** - Enterprise and secure Wi-Fi deployments - Environments requiring strong protection against DoS attacks on management frames - Critical infrastructure wireless networks **Alternative or Related Protocols:** - 802.11i – Security enhancements and WPA2 - WPA3 – Latest Wi-Fi security standard - 802.1X – Network authentication .. panels:: :container: container pb-4 :column: col-lg-12 p-2 :card: What You Will Learn in This Section **Let us learn more about 802.11w:** * :ref:`Learnings in this section <802_11w_step1>` * :ref:`Terminology <802_11w_step2>` * :ref:`Version Info <802_11w_step3>` * :ref:`802_11w Version&IEEE Details <802_11w_step4>` * :ref:`802_11w Basic Setup on Ubuntu using IPv4 <802_11w_step5>` * :ref:`802_11w Basic Setup on Ubuntu using IPv6 <802_11w_step6>` * :ref:`802_11w List of MAC features <802_11w_step7>` * :ref:`802_11w Medium Access Functions and their inner working <802_11w_step8>` * :ref:`802_11w Supported Frequency Bands in 802.11w <802_11w_step9>` * :ref:`802_11w List of Physical Features <802_11w_step10>` * :ref:`802_11w Power Saving Mechanisms in IEEE 802.11w <802_11w_step11>` * :ref:`802_11w Interoperability Mechanisms in IEEE 802.11w <802_11w_step12>` * :ref:`802_11w End-User Products that support 802.11w <802_11w_step13>` * :ref:`802_11w Protocol Packet Details <802_11w_step14>` * :ref:`802_11w Basic Features <802_11w_step15>` * :ref:`Reference links <802_11w_step16>` .. button-link:: ./802_11w.html :color: primary :shadow: :expand: Jump to "802.11w"